<div>Background: Benthic macro invertebrates have a sedentary and long life span, sensitive community response to organic loading, thermal impacts, substrate alteration and toxic pollution. They are regarded as the most informative bio indicators of water pollution. Macro invertebrates and water quality are interrelated to each other, as macro invertebrates are a potential indicator of water quality and therefore have been most frequently used in biomonitoring studies. 
 
Methods: The study area is the tailrace of Dikhow River, a 65 km. a southern tributary of the mighty river Brahmaputra. The stretch was demarcated into five sectors longitudinally. The study was done for a period of two years during which sampling collection was done using sampling methods. Appropriate sized net was used to sample macroinvertebrates. Identification was done using standard identification keys. Pollution tolerance of the species was measured using standard protocols. Using tolerance values, family biotic Indices were measured by Hilsenhoff standard protocols. 
 
Result: Number of pollution sensitive macroinvertebrates were found to be minimum in almost all stations indicating the level of pollution in the stations. Macroinvertebrates with higher tolerance levels were recorded in maximum numbercompared with the standard values to assess the water quality. A total of thirteen (13) species (Rhynchobdellasp, Physellasp, Soletelinasp, Gammarussp, Fenneropeneussp, Isotomussp, Caeniussp, Gomphussp, Lethocerussp, Hydrophylussp, Chaobarussp, Chironomussp) have been recorded during the study period. Among them the species with high pollution tolerance values were recorded in higher number during the study. While compared the family biotic indices as recorded from the stations with the standard data, then station I and station III have been found to&nbsp; be significant organic pollution and other three stations were found to be Fairly significant organic pollution.</div>

A Study of River Water Quality using Macroinvertebrates as Bio Indicator: A Case Study

<div>Background: Hansli chicken is reared in Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts of Odisha. They play a vital role in the economic upliftment of poor, landless and marginalised people in the rural areas besides providing them with nutritious egg and meat for consumption. 
 
Methods: Hansli chicks and Vencobb broiler chicks were divided into three age groups viz. group I (up to 1 month), group II (1-3 months) and group III (3-6 months) with six birds in each age group. On 4th week, 12th week and 24th week, six birds from each breed were used for the study of histomorphometrical features of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius. 
 
Result: The average thickness of the capsule, cortex and medulla of thymus, average width of thymic lobule and average maximum diameter of Hassall&rsquo;s corpuscles differed significantly (p&le;0.05) between the birds at specific ages. Similarly, the average thickness of the splenic capsule, average width of white pulp, average external transverse and internal longitudinal diameters of trabecular artery, average external longitudinal, internal longitudinal, external transverse and internal transverse diameters of central artery, average longitudinal diameter of capillary, average longitudinal and transverse diameters of splenic nodule, average thickness of PALS and PELS differed significantly (p&le;0.05) between the birds at specific ages. The average number of bursal follicles in larger and smaller plicae, average height and width of larger and smaller plicae, average length and width of bursal follicle, average height of columnar cell of pseudostratified FAE and IFE, average nuclear height of FAE and IFE columnar cells differed significantly (p&le;0.05) between the birds at specific ages.</div>

<div>Age Related Histomorphometrical Studies on the Major Lymphoid Organs of Chicken</div>

C4 photosynthesis is the primary mode of carbon capture and drives productivity in several major food crops and bio-energy grasses. Gains in productivity associated with C4 photosynthesis include improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Within grasses rice and brachypodium are used as model species. Since these two crops are using C3 photosynthesis for their growth and development, it cannot be used as model for to study C4 photosynthesis. In order to characterize the evolutionary innovations and to provide genomic insight into crop improvement for the many important crop species, a new genomic and genetic model species is required. Minor millets have small diploid genomes, shorter life cycles, self pollination and prolific seed production. Due to these characteristics it gains importance over major C4 species which lack all of these traits. Within Minor millets, Setaria italica and Setaria viridis are used as model systems since these crops fulfils all the traits responsible to be a model species. Importantly, Setaria species uses NADP-Malic enzyme subtype C4 photosynthetic system to fix carbon and therefore is a potential powerful model system for dissecting C4 photosynthesis. C4 grasses have a shorter distance between longitudinal veins in the leaves than C3 grasses. The C4 grasses have denser transverse and small longitudinal veins than the C3 grasses. It indicates that C4 grasses have a structurally superior photosynthate translocation and water distribution system by developing denser networks of small longitudinal and transverse veins. Setaria has high vein density and kranz anatomy that helps to concentrate CO2 in the bundle sheath cells. This minimizes photorespiration thereby prevents the loss of energy.

Minor millets as model system to study C4 photosynthesis - A review

Background: The appearance and interaction of spermatozoa with the tubular epithelium is crucial for selection of non-descript goats for breeding purposes at the appropriate time. Further, various interventions can also be made for faster reproductive developments in the goats under study. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present study was conducted on the testes of non-descript goats divided into three groups, viz. neonatal (within 1 month), prepubertal (from 1-18 months) and pubertal (above 18 months) with 10 healthy animals in each group. The collected samples of testis were processed for scanning electron microscopic study and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. 
&nbsp; 
Result: It was found that the tunica vaginalis of both epididymis and vas deferens were having longitudinal and transverse folds with the depressions or troughs in between them. The epididymis and vas deferens were both lined by ciliated and non-ciliated types of cells. The ciliated cells showed tufts of cilia, where as the free surfaces of the non-ciliated cells were having microvilli. The luminal surface of the epididymal duct gave the appearance of a honeycomb due to the peculiar arrangement of stereocilia projecting from the columnar cells. Spermatozoa were found to be attaching with the epithelial cells of both epididymis and vas deferens, mostly in the pubertal goats. There was presence of apical protrusions on the non-ciliated cells in both epididymis and vas deferens. The luminal surface of vas deferens was raised at regular intervals giving wavy appearance with ridges and grooves. The present study would help in developing a baseline data on the scanning electron microscopic characteristics of different components of tunics of epididymis and vas deferens in non-descript goat at different stages of post-natal life under study. 
&nbsp;

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Development of Epididymis and Vas Deferens in Non-descript Goat (Capra hircus) during Postnatal Period&nbsp;

<div>Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different external parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. 
 
Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various external parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that the average width of heart at its base was 4.82&plusmn;0.22mm, 10.52&plusmn;0.72mm and 21.57&plusmn;1.03mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average dorso-ventral length of left ventricle of heart was measured as 4.82&plusmn;0.14mm, 12.07&plusmn;1.16mm and 25.58&plusmn;0.88mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average distance between the left longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at base was measured as 2.93&plusmn;0.11mm, 6.38&plusmn;0.39mm and 9.78&plusmn;0.41mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the right longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at middle was measured as 1.96&plusmn;0.09mm, 5.01&plusmn;0.34mm and 8.31&plusmn;0.50mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. All these parameters recorded showed significant (p &le; 0.01) differences among the ages.</div>

<div>Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div>Background: The present study was designed to provide the scanning electron microscopic features of female reproductive tract (ovary and oviduct) of the White Leghorn hen. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted on twenty-five mature White Leghorn hens procured from Poultry Farm of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. The collected ovary and oviduct samples were processed as per the standard protocol for scanning electron microscopy and viewed under the scanning electron microscope. 
 
Result: The surface of the left ovary had an irregular appearance with an outer cortex and inner medulla, surrounded by numerous small rounded lacunae. The mucosa of different oviduct segments was thrown into longitudinal folds with various glandular openings on the surface. Small secondary folds were present on the mucosal surface at the infundibulum-magnum and magnum-isthmus junction. At the uterovaginal junction, the mucosal surface presented a parallel arrangement of folds with narrow furrows between them. The mucosal folds of the vagina appeared as narrow longitudinal folds and divided into secondary folds.&nbsp;</div>

<div>A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of the Female Reproductive Tract in White Leghorn Hens</div>

<div>Background: The proventriculus, component of digestive system of bird secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen which helps the churning of food material that takes place in ventriculus. Pepsinogen produces pepsin and it smashes the peptide bonds of amino acid of food material.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The twelve proventriculus samples of Guinea fowl birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin&rsquo;s fluid for &nbsp;histological procedure while chilled acetone and chilled ethanol were used as the fixatives for histochemical studies. The fresh unfixed samples were used on cryostat for studies of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme. 
 
Result: Histomorphologically the proventriculus of Guinea fowl was observed as the typical tubular component with four tunics from inside to outside as tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The submucosal layer comprised with proventricular submucosal gland (PVSMG) which was encapsulated by elastic fibers. Tunica muscularis was inner longitudinal and outer circular layer, while the tunica serosa was observed with surrounding adipose tissue as the connective tissue constituent to endow the access of nutritional supply in the form of blood vessels. The luminal surface of proventricular submucosal glands has shown the significant activity of glycogen while intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts have exhibited the weak activity towards the same. The glandular cell rod of PVSMG, serosal layer and adjoining connective tissue with blood vessels has exhibited very weak activity of alkaline phosphatase. Mucosal folds and lumen of PVSMG has shown the weak activity of acidic phosphatase but the serosal limiting membrane has shown very weak activity.&nbsp;The succinic dehydrogenase activity was seen in the connective tissue septa of submucosal glandular cellular rods and the intense activity was observed at tunica muscularis.</div>

<div>Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: This article analysis 400 articles published in &ldquo;Bhartiya Krishi Anushandhan Patrika&rdquo; journal during 2016-2021 to ascertain year-wise distribution, authorship pattern, length of articles, subject categories and citation-wise distribution of articles. 
Methods: Bibliometrics is a set of methods used to study and measure the uses of documents and patterns of publication in which mathematical and statistical methods are applied.&nbsp; 
Result: We found a total contribution of 400 research outputs with the remarkable contribution of 1477 eminent scholars. The findings of the analysis represented that the maximum number of articles 75 with 18.75% sharing were published in 2016 and on the opposite hand the year 2020 got the minimum contribution got with merely 54 (13.50%) publications. The result of the study proved that joint authors contributed (380) to the majority of the publications. The study investigated, the minimum contribution average author per article 3.97 in the year 2017 and a minimum of 3.33 in the year 2021. The highest Author Productivity per year is 1.624. Veterinary Science got the first rank in the contribution of scientific research publication (97), Agronomy ranked second with 71 articles and extension education achieved the third rank with 40 contributions. It is noted that the maximum citation (4379 out of 955) were used in the year 2021.</div>

A Bibliometric Study of ‘‘Bhartiya Krishi Anushandhan Patrika’’ from 2016 to 2021

<div>Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Studies on its development before birth of utmost important to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of ventricular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples from ventricles were processed for scanning electron microscopic study and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of ventricles were also taken at the ultrastructural level. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was observed that the endocardium of the ventricles consisted of a simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape and arranged linearly on the surface of ventricles in 33 days prenatal non-descript sheep. The boundaries among the endothelial cells were indistinct in this age group. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells on the surface of the ventricles. In late prenatal period, the endothelial cells of the ventricles became elongated in shape. The subendocardial layer consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting purkinje fibers, which were quite predominant in the late prenatal period, i.e. at the age of 120 days of gestation. The endocardial fibers were distinctly coiled around the endothelial cells of the ventricles in this age group. The myocardium comprised of cylindrical and highly branched cardiac muscle fibers with pores all over the surface of the myocardium of the ventricles. Each muscle bundle in the myocardium consisted of muscle fibers extending parallel to each other longitudinally and that these fibers made collateral connections with each other in some regions. The papillary muscles were ridge like structures projecting into the lumen of the ventricles of heart. The chordae tendinae connected the papillary muscles and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae consisted of elongated endothelial cells with pores among them. The pores of various sizes were arranged linearly in patches on the endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae of the ventricles especially in the late prenatal period, i.e. at about 105 days of gestation. &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

<div>Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ventricular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

Background: Agricultural residues are a significant part of the waste generated in India. It is challenging for farmers to manage surplus crop residue sustainably because of large production and limited options. Ultimately, most farmers burn crop residue without giving it a second thought. Besides affecting the environment, burning crop residues also reduces soil fertility, soil nutrient content and soil organic humus levels by releasing greenhouse gases.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study was conducted to identify surplus crop residues available and their current uses. Vidarbha region in Maharashtra was selected for the study and cotton, tur and soybean crops were selected since these are the most commonly grown crops there. A man-to-man survey was conducted to determine the type and amount of crop residue available and how it is currently being used. Three farmlands in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra were selected for the study. Four different varieties of cotton, tur and soybean were grown on three farms. The yield and crop residue generated were measured per unit area. Analysis of crop residue availability was conducted using statistical methods.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the study, it can be concluded that biomass waste is abundantly available and there is potential to generate bioenergy by utilizing agricultural waste effectively. Furthermore, the regression study shows that crop output is a major predictor of crop residue generated.