<div>Background: Lepidium sativum (LS) is a very potent and often used as anti-cancer is largely limited due to the dose-related toxic effects. The present study investigated the protective role of LS that can reduce the liver injury induced by LPS. 
 
Methods: Forty white male mice were randomly divided into five groups: the vehicle control group, LPS group, LPS plus LS group, LS pretreated plus LPS group and LS + LPS + LS group. Mice were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48h. Blood and liver samples were collected for the experimental investigations. Biochemical analysis, histopathological studies and molecular investigation carried out for different groups used.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Biochemical analysis for serum AST, ALT, LDL and HDL levels were determined to evaluate liver status. Oxidative stress of liver examined through determination of oxidative enzymes. Furthermore, proinflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-&alpha;) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were investigated. Histopathological liver sections were examined to show the alterations due to LPS injection. Biochemical analysis showed a significant modulatory effect of LS on the LPS challenged mice. Histopathological studies showed that LPS caused liver alterations, such as necrosis, infiltrations of neutrophils, sinusoid congestion and hepatocellular degeneration in the liver. These histopathological modulations were significant by LS pretreatment. These findings indicate that LS has a significant hepatoprotective effect on LPS-induced liver injury in mice model.</div>

<div>The Protective Effect of Garden Cress Lepidium sativum against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice Model</div>

<div>Background: Arsenic present in underground water affects the overall health. The therapeutic effects of Allium sativum was investigated for ameliorating the toxic effects of arsenic exposed ducks. Even though, heavy metals especially arsenic toxicity and ameliorative effects of Allium sativum has been largely studied, yet the histopathological cardiac lesion grading and its correlation with oxidative stress and biochemical parameters is scarce. This study is aimed at evaluating cardiotoxic lesions due to arsenic and ameliorative effects of Allium sativum in accordance with histopathological grading with respect to oxidative and biochemical parameters. 
 
Methods: In the present study, 105 birds were randomly distributed in 5 groups. GRP II was given arsenic @ 30 ppm whereas GRP III, IV, V were given Allium sativum @ 0.5 gm/ kg feed, 1 gm/kg feed and 2 gm/kg feed respectively along with arsenic to study the ameliorative effects. At the end of 42 days, 6 birds from each group were slaughtered after blood collection and the extend of arsenic toxicity with Allium sativum effects were studied as biochemical and oxidative parameters with histopathological grading of lesions. The extent of lesions was graded as mild (+), moderate (++) and severe (+++). 
 
Result: Grossly, heart revealed dilatation and thickening of ventricular wall in GRP II along with congestion in coronary vessels. In GRP V, grossly heart revealed no congestion and comparatively reduced enlargement. Whereas microscopically, myocardial and epicardial oedema, disruption of muscle fiber and hemorrhage was observed. Along with this, there was increase in cardiac biomarkers - Total serum creatinine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels and tissue oxidative parameters (LPO), with decrease in GSH, CAT, total antioxidant and SOD levels in GRP II which was comparably restored in GRP V.</div>

​Histopathological Grading of Induced Cardiotoxicity Due to Arsenic and its Alleviation by Allium sativum in Ducks

<div>Background: This research work describes about toxicity estimation of commonly used fungicide copper oxychloride using Pisum sativum L. and Vigna radiata L. as a bioindicator.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The seeds of P. sativum and V. radiata were treated with different concentrations of fungicide. Biological toxicity measured by seed germination percentage, R/P ratio, total leaf chlorophyll, total leaf proline, total seed protein, mitotic index, abnormality index and mitotic inhibition.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Linear regression analysis showed that seed germination percentage, total seed protein, abnormality index and mitotic inhibition show positive correlation with increasing concentration of fungicide copper oxychloride. The R/P ratio of 4th and 8th days, mitotic index, total leaf chlorophyll and leaf proline have negative correlation along increasing concentration of fungicide. However total leaf proline of V. radiata at 2% concentration of fungicide is abruptly higher than control and other concentrations. The application of copper oxychloride at lower concentration can be used as a safe fungicide.</div>

<div>Estimation of Biological Toxicity by Copper oxychloride on Pisum sativum L. and Vigna radiata L.</div>

<div>Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important leguminous crop utilized as vegetable and pulse, being an important source of proteins. Pea seeds harbour various mycoflora both in field and during storage, which plays important role in reducing seed viability, germination and vigour inflicting considerable losses in yield and quality. There is scarcely any recommendation available to maintain seed quality during storage of pea seeds, hence present study was carried out. 
 
Methods: Seeds of pea (cvs. Azad P. 1 and Arkel) were treated with Captan and Carbendazim 50%WP fungicides @ 2.0 g/Kg seed and stored under ambient conditions. The samples were drawn at three months interval to assess the effect of storage on seed quality parameters. The vigour index I, per cent germination and speed of germination of these seed samples were determined using ISTA rules. The detection of associated mycoflora in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed samples was carried out by standard blotter method as recommended by International Seed Testing Association. 
 
Result: Total fourteen fungal species were found associated with different pea seed samples. Out of these, maximum incidence of Alternaria alternata (21.36%) followed by Aspergillus flavus (15.53%), A. fumigatus (14.56%), A. niger (11.60%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (9.71%), were recorded on untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1, after 18 months of storage. The germination, speed of germination and vigour index of stored seed reduced with increase in storage period, whereas fungal incidence increased with the increasing storage period. Among the tested cultivars, germination in pea (cv. Arkel) remained above IMSCS even after 18 months of storage under ambient storage conditions. The maximum percent germination (99.0) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 seeds treated with Captan at 3 months of storage, whereas minimum percent germination (49.5) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage. The maximum speed of germination (23.88) was found in Captan treated seed of pea cv. Arkel at 0 month of storage and minimum speed of germination (3.52) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 at 18 months of storage. The maximum vigour index I (2339) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 (Captan treated seed) at 3 months of storage and minimum vigour index I (431) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage.</div>

​Effect of Seed Treatments and Storage Period on Seed Health Parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Ambient Storage Conditions

Background: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a medicinal plant that is rich in phenolic compounds and has been shown to exhibit a number of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. 
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Methods: The objective of the present study was to analyse the antiarthritic activity in vitro of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Coriandrum sativum seeds using two methods: the protein denaturation inhibition method and the egg albumin denaturation method, as well as to evaluate the phytochemical composition of these extracts. 
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Result: The extraction yields demonstrated that the yield of the aqueous extract (8.02%) was considerably higher than that of the hydroalcoholic extract (5.65%). The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, coumarins and polyphenols in both extracts. The aqueous extract was found by phytochemical analysis to contain quinones and terpenoids. With regards to the in vitro antiarthritic activity, the IC50s of the hydroalcoholic extract, the aqueous extract and the diclofenac by the BSA method were found to be 10.495&plusmn;0.262, 10.240&plusmn;0.07 and 14.490&plusmn;0.56 mg/ml, respectively. With regard to the egg albumin denaturation test, the aqueous extract demonstrated the most pronounced protective effect, with an IC50 of 16.083&plusmn; 0.105 mg/ml. The results of this study demonstrate that Coriandrum sativum seed extracts exhibit in vitro antiarthritic activity.

Phytoconstituents Analysis and In vitro Antiarthritic Activity of Coriandrum sativum L. Seed Extracts

<div>Background: Algerian agriculture, like many developing countries, has developed production systems based on the use of phytosanitary products. But today, the use of these products is called into question, with the awareness of the risks they can generate for agriculture, the environment, and even for human health.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A trial was conducted in the greenhouse on two varieties of pea (Pisum sativum), with and without thiram treatment (recommended dose), to estimate the effect of the latter on the establishment of symbiosis and biological nitrogen fixation. In addition, a rhizospheric soil microflora count was carried out to determine and assess the bacterial concentration including PGPRs in each sample from two varieties tested with and without treatment. 
 
Result: The fungicide treatment and variety choice have no effect on the number of nodules and the fresh and dry weight of the aerial and root parts, and the low nodulation can be attributed to the low population of native rhizobia in the soil. A low bacterial concentration was observed in the rhizospheric region of the Gros Vert variety treated with the fungicide compared to the untreated control and Onward variety; this result may be due to the effect of fungicide thiram influencing the abundance of microflora in the soil and the differential response between cultivars of the same species.</div>

Effect of Thiram on the Bacteria-Pea (Pisum sativum) Symbiotic Complex

<div>Background: With the ban on the use of antibiotics as feed additives and growth promoters in animal nutrition, livestock scientists are now shifting their attention towards natural and safe products like organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics and herbal growth promoters. Plants containing essential compounds can be a cost-effective means of improving efficiency of nutrient utilization and growth performance of animals. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) belongs to the family Liliaceae, which is a genus of 500 species. The medicinal properties of garlic may have beneficial effects on nutrient utilization and health of animals. However, very few studies have been reported whereby garlic has been fed to ruminants. Therefore, the present study was design to investigate the effect of garlic supplementation on nutrient utilization, gastro intestinal parasites and haemato-biochemical profile in crossbred calves. 
 
Methods: Twelve crossbred male calves of similar age (3-6 months) were randomly allotted to two equal groups ((n=6) on basis of body weight. All animals were maintained on common feeding regime consisting of required concentrate mixture and roughage as per requirement given by ICAR (2013). Calves in experimental group were supplemented with garlic (Allium sativum) @ 250 mg per kg body weight whereas; the control group was remaining unsupplemented. The study was conducted for 90 days. After 60 days of experimental feeding a digestion trial of seven days was conducted to access the nutrient utilization of animals. The faecal sample of each animal was collected fortnightly for parasitological examination of helminthes eggs. Blood samples were collected from each animal at 0 and 90 days of feeding trial to assess the haemato biochemical profile of crossbred calves. 
 
Result:&nbsp;The results indicated that the intake and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF and NDF were statistically (P&gt;0.05) similar in both the groups. The haemato-biochemical parameters like Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC, glucose, TP, albumin, globulin and A:G ratio were statistically (P&gt;0.05) comparable among both the groups at 0 and 90 days of study. Similarly, the fortnightly faecal egg per gram (EPG) was also statically (P&gt;0.05) similar in both the groups. From the results it can be deduced that the garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation has no any effect on feed intake and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF and CP but significantly increases in digestibility of CF. Garlic powder supplementation did not have&nbsp; any appreciable effect on haemato-biochemical profile and faecal egg per gram (EPG) in crossbred calves.</div>

Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization, Gastrointestinal Parasites and Haemato-biochemical Profile of Crossbred Calves

<div style="text-align: justify;">In vitro regeneration of pea explants (Pisum sativum L. var. &lsquo;Lincon&rsquo;) was done in 49 different combinations and concentrations of BAP, BAP and NAA, BAP and IBA, TDZ, TDZ and Adenine for shoot regeneration from hypocotyl, root, leaf and cotyledonary node. High frequency shoot regeneration was obtained in hypocotyl (81.43%), root(83.53%) and cotyledonary node(72.76%) on MS medium supplemented with 4.50 mg/l BAP and 1.86mg/l NAA, 2.00mg/l TDZ and4.50 mg/l BAP and 1.86mg/l NAA respectively. No shoot regeneration was obtained from leaf explants on any of the combination used. Shoot elongation was observed on the same medium used for shoot regeneration respectively.MS medium supplemented with 0.20 mg/l IBA was found best for root regeneration from in vitro raised shoots. The plantlets were able to regenerate within 6-7 weeks. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in pre-sterilized cocopeat.&nbsp;</div>

In vitro differentiation and plant regeneration from root and other explants of juvenile origin in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) an important rabi season legume crop from the fabaceae family is cultivated in over 95 countries for both fresh and processed forms. It contains about 20-25% protein and ranks as the fourth most significant grain legume and is considered as one of the major green vegetables globally. Pea is native to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe and Western Asia. Peas are a versatile and resilient crop that thrives in various agricultural systems, adapting to different soil types and temperatures. Peas offer a sustainable solution for farmers aiming to balance environmental care with productivity. 
 
Methods: An experiment entitled &ldquo;Effect of surface soil removal and organic amendments on growth, yield and nutrient content and uptake of pea (Pisum sativum L.)&rdquo; was conducted during the rabi season of 2023 at the experimental field of the Department of Soil and Water Conservation, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema campus. The study was conducted using a split-plot design. Surface soil removal was applied at the depths of 0, 5 and 10 cm designated as D0, D1&nbsp;and D2, respectively and various organic amendments were added including control (O0), FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (O1), vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 (O2) and poultry litter @ 2.5 t ha-1 (O3). 
 
Result: The results of the experiment showed that the surface soil removal of 5 cm (D1) and 10 cm (D3) underperformed considerably as compared to 0 cm (D1) in all aspects of growth, yield and N, P and K content and uptake. Additionally, the interaction between surface soil removal and organic amendments revealed that D0O1&nbsp;i.e. 0 cm soil removal combined with FYM @ 5 t ha-1&nbsp;performed significantly better than most of the interaction. 
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Effect of Surface Soil Removal and Organic Amendments on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content and Uptake of&nbsp; Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

<div>Background: Field pea, Pisum sativum L. is an important winter-season pulse crop. It is subjected to damage by both field and storage insect pests and approximately 10-15 per cent reduction in yield was reported due to the infestation of different insect pests. Among these, pulse aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.) affects plant physiology directly by removal of nutrients or indirectly by dispersal of various viral diseases. The present investigation has been aimed to study the seasonal fluctuations of aphids and their natural enemies as well as their correlation. Another objective was to know the effect of various weather parameters on pulse aphids and their natural enemies which ultimately would be helpful to develop a forewarning model. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at the A-B Block Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal using two varieties of field pea (KPMR 935 and IFPD 122) during rabi seasons of two consecutive years of 2017-18 and 2018-19 following a Randomized Block Design with three replications. After recording the total population of both pests (nymphs and adults) and their natural enemies across the season, the mean population was worked out and used for correlation and regression studies along with the weather parameters.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Maximum aphid population was noticed during the peak pod formation stage of the crop irrespective of the varieties. The pest population was very strongly correlated with the incidence of coccinellid and ant population in both test varieties. Among the weather parameters, both maximum and minimum temperature and sunshine hour showed a positive correlation with the pest population and their natural enemies but relative humidity and rainfall showed a negative correlation. Regression studies indicated that temperature and relative humidity were the most influencing factors over the incidence of aphid in both the seasons.</div>

<div>Seasonal Incidence of Pulse Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.) and its Natural Enemies on Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to Some Abiotic Factors in Alluvial Zone of West Bengal</div>