<div style="text-align:justify">Background: India leads the global market in milk production. However, bovine mastitis, which is the mammary gland inflammation in dairy cattle characterized by physical, chemical, bacteriological changes in milk results in commercial losses. Staphylococcus aureus, is the major causative agent. The treatment of mastitis caused by this pathogen is mainly by antibiotics. Emphasizing on the one health concept, phage therapy is an appropriate alternative to antibiotic. The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophages against Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis. 
 
Methods: Thirty two isolates of S. aureus obtained from the milk of mastitis cows were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was carried out by disk diffusion assay. Milk and cow shed wastewater were used for phage isolation. Phages were characterized by host susceptibility and RAPD assay. 
 
Result: Nineteen phages were isolated from the cowshed waste water. All the milk samples showed negative for the presence of phage. The phage 24 (A2) which had the broadest host range, was selected for the CFU drop assay. The phage was able to clear the lawn of S. aureus culture when grown on agar at different time points thus indicating that topical application of this phage would be a potential strategy to control S. aureus infection leading to mastitis. This study provides a basis to continue the exploration of the potential of PSA2 phage as a candidate for the treatment of Staphylococcal mastitis.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Isolation of Phages and Study of their In vitro Efficacy on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Originating from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis</div>

<div>Background: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the quantitative traits of various turf grass species in the Malwa region. Turf grass, which is a primarily appreciated for its aesthetic and green cover, is important in industrial and rural areas to mitigate heat and drought stress with speeding development. However, the limited genetic variation in existing turfgrass varieties poses a challenge to breeding efforts aimed at improving stress tolerance and mutation is widely used for creating genetic variability in other crops to develop the varieties superior to parents and suitable for different climatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the mutagenic effects of gamma irradiation on selected lawn grass species and optimizing the best suitable dose for Turf grass improvement. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh), India to explore possibility of gamma irradiation&rsquo;s impact on various characters of turf grass species. This experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. During the experiment, four different warm season grasses species were used, specifically Cynodon dactylon cv Burgasto, Zoysia materella, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Nassella tenuissima, underwent treatment with different doses of gamma irradiation viz. 30 Gy, 60 Gy, 90 Gy and 120 Gray (Gy). To compare the effects, an untreated control treatment was also included in the study. Both quantitative as well as qualitative parameters were assessed. 
 
Result: The results revealed that reduced growth with higher gamma irradiation doses. Furthermore, indicated that irradiated sprigs displayed denser shoots, finer growth, shorter internodes, leaves and&nbsp; enhanced colour retention even in winters. Notably, 60 Gy and 90 Gy induced the highest number of mutants (seven in total). Thus, the study suggests that gamma irradiation at doses of 30 Gy to below 100 Gy can effectively induce genetic variation in grass species.</div>

Isolation of Phages and Study of their In vitro Efficacy on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Originating from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis

Studies of Gamma Irradiation on Performance of Turf Grass Species