The purpose was to determine the difference of blood clinicopathological changes between type I and type II ketosis in dairy cow. Fifty-eight cows, from dairy cattle farm in Heilongjiang of China, were included. An ELISA test was used to evaluate the blood indicators. The plasma concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and insulin sensitivity decreased, and the plasma concentration of glucose (Glc), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and bilirubin content increased in type II ketosis group compared with the type I ketosis group. These results showed that there was a difference in etiology between type II ketosis and type I ketosis. Type II ketosis was not only associated with energy metabolism and insulin resistance, but also with oxidative stress and liver function. It laid the foundation for further investigate the mechanism and prevention of type II ketosis in the future.

Blood clinicopathological differences between type I and II ketosis in dairy cows

<div>Background: Subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows is a common metabolic disorder and a strong determinant of the health and performance of cows throughout lactation. Considerable amount of milk loss takes place with SCK incidence in dairy animals. Greater benefits are to be gained by monitoring the cows for SCK. The current study was aimed to find out incidence of SCK by urine test strip (Keto-Diastix). 
 
Methods: The present investigation was carried out on crossbred and Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes (n=180) of the institute herd and rural dairy farms (n=97) around Karnal. The urine samples were tested for subclinical ketosis (SCK) 5-60 days postpartum from August 2019 to March 2020. Meteriological data on wet and dry bulb temperature and ambient temperature was collected and THI was calculated. Data of SCK incidence was classified based on stages of early lactation (5-20, 21-40 and 41-60d), parity (I, II, III and above), seasons (hot-humid, autumn, winter and spring) and milk production level (&lt;10kg, 10-20 kg and &gt;20 kg/d). Milk yield and environment variables were recorded during the experiment. Urine ketone and glucose level was detected by keto-Diastix to find out incidence of SCK.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Mean level of ketone bodies in urine was higher (P&lt;0.01) in high yielding cows as compared to the medium yielders; however it did not vary in buffaloes. Ketone bodies in urine were high (P&lt;0.01) in crossbred cows than that of buffaloes and Sahiwal cows. Urine glucose level did not vary among cows and buffaloes. It is concluded that high producing crossbred cows are more vulnerable to SCK between 41-60d of lactation and in III parity and above due to peak milk production. Sahiwal cows and buffaloes suffer less from SCK probably due to medium level of milk production. Factors like high milk yield, higher parity and hot-humid stress makes the animal more vulnerable to SCK. The screening of urine samples of animals at monthly intervals may be practiced by the farmers to monitor the incidence of SCK.</div>

Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of Subclinical Hypocalcemia (SCH) and Subclinical Ketosis (SCK) diagnosed on the 10th&nbsp;day of lactation on reproductive performance. 
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Methods: The study used 120 clinically healthy Holstein cows aged 2 to 6 years who had just given birth and had no puerperal illness. Blood samples were collected on the 10th&nbsp;and 30th&nbsp;postpartum days and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The serum was removed and stored at -80&deg;C until analysis. &beta;-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P) and Magnesium (Mg) levels were measured. Cows with serum BHB levels &gt;1.2 mmol/L were rated as SCK (n=10), those with serum BHB levels &lt;1.2 mmol/L were rated as normal (n=50), those with serum total Ca levels &lt;8.6 mg/dL were rated as SCH (n=30) and those with serum total Ca levels &gt;8.6 mg/dL were rated as normal.&nbsp; Progesterone levels were evaluated using blood samples collected on the 30th day after parturition. To assess the reproductive performance of the animals in the study, the calving to first estrus, calving to first insemination and calving to conception periods for each animal were measured in days and the number of inseminations per pregnancy was estimated. 
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Result: In this study, no significant changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of cows with SCH. Calving to first estrus and calving to first insemination times were found to be higher in cows with SCH than in normal cows. There was no difference in other biochemical markers between normal and SCK cows, however NEFA and BHB levels were higher. While progesterone levels were higher in SCK-affected cows, there was no difference in reproductive parameters between these cows and non-ketotic cows. 
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Effects of Subclinical Ketosis and Subclinical Hypocalcemia on Some Bıochemical Parameters and Reproductıon in Cows&nbsp;

Background: Bovine ketosis is a major metabolic disorder emerging as a result of negative energy balance in the post calving period and subsequent lactation of lactating dairy animals. The measurement of the concentration of blood glucose was reported to be helpful for the early diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes. Also, blood glucose will provide the overall energy status of the buffalo. 
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Methods: The experiment was conducted on 56 healthy lactating Murrah buffaloes. Blood samples were collected in two slots for two consecutive days in the morning hour in an anticoagulant-added sodium fluoride bulb and in clot activator plain tubes by jugular venipuncture. Also, glucose concentration was measured by a handheld device (&ldquo;Gluco One&rdquo;, Model BG-03) by puncturing the small branches of the ear vein and the results were recorded. The estimation of blood glucose plasma and serum was done by standard laboratory enzymatic method i.e. Glucose Oxidase- Peroxidase (GOD-POD) on an automated chemistry analyzer.

&nbsp;Result: There was no significant difference between the mean values of plasma glucose measured by the GOD-POD method and by the biosensor. But the regression analysis showed the blood glucose in plasma do not have a significant correlation with that measured by biosensor. The glucose measured in serum is significantly less than in plasma and measured by the biosensor. It is advisable to use fluoride-added preservative anticoagulant tubes and not to use a serum for the estimation of blood glucose. 
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Validation of Electrochemical Biosensor based Hand-held Device for the Measurement of Blood Glucose in Lactating Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90&ndash;100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: &lt;30 kg (n=20) and e&rdquo;30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P&lt;0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P&lt;0.05-P&lt;0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P&lt;0.001), higher milk fat (P&lt;0.05) and milk protein content (P&lt;0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P&lt;0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows</div>

<div>Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of uterus without systemic signs, which is associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria. Prevalence rate of endometritis in India ranges from 3 to 25% in cows. The rate of endometritis in buffaloes which were covered under Amul and Dudhsagar dairy ranged from 10 to 48 per cent in Gujarat. The classification of endometritis is based on vaginal mucus viz., mild, mucopurulent, purulent and endometritis with mucopurulant or purulent fluid in uterus and severity of infection viz., acute, sub clinical and chronic endometritis. Clinical endometritis is manifested by presence of a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina after 21 days or more post partum, or mucopurulent discharge detectable in the vagina after 26 days post partum. The metabolic disorders like milk fever and ketosis are related to an increase risk of developing endometritis. The endometritis is the complex of diseases that includes retained placenta, puerperal metritis, endometritis, pyometra and other non-specific infections of the uterus. The FSH concentrations from the pituitary are unaffected by uterine disease and so waves of ovarian follicles emerge in the first weeks after parturition. Classical diagnosis of endometritis on the basis of clinical manifestation and rectal examination is common. New diagnostic device Metricheck, Cytobrush and ultrasonography is adequate to diagnose endometritis. Endometritis is often self-limiting with recovery occurring after subsequent estrous cycles. The effective treatment is one which increases the uterine defense and excludes bacterial infections, but should not inhibit the normal uterine defense mechanism. PGF2&alpha; in combination with intrauterine antibacterial drugs, immunomudulators and herbals agents like Garlic extract, Neem oil are the treatment of choice for Endometritis in bovine with variable success rate.</div>

<div>Endometritis in Bovine: A Review</div>

Background: Fatty liver is a major metabolic disorder of dairy cows with a high morbidity rate during early lactation. Diagnosis of mild and moderate fatty liver is difficult because affected cows often do not differ clinically from cows with normal liver. The need for the early identification of fatty liver cannot be overemphasized as it appears to be the root cause for occurrence of many post-partum metabolic diseases. A precise diagnosis of the different categories of fatty liver is possible by liver biopsies which entail a minor surgery. Spectral doppler is yet another milestone in identification of fatty infiltration of liver, without causing any trauma to the liver. With this backdrop this research study was carried out to document the ultrasonographic pattern of liver, to evaluate the Spectral Doppler derived indices of portal blood flow in fatty liver syndrome in cattle. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in clinical cases, presented to Large Animal Medicine Outpatient Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital over a period of 24 months. Dairy cows, with the history of recent calving, postpartum inappetance and brought for other routine check-ups were included for the study. Suspected cases were subjected to further examination. Concurrent diseases presented with Fatty liver syndrome were recorded. Animals were grouped into four categories based on the above investigations as group I, II, III and IV as control, mild fatty liver, moderate fatty liver and severe fatty liver respectively.&nbsp; 
 
Result: B-Mode Ultrasonography was superior in grading the fatty liver, compared to spectral doppler. Spectral Doppler derived indices of portal blood flow in fatty liver syndrome revealed significant reduction in venous pulsatility index in severe cases. But grading the fatty liver was not possible with spectral doppler. Among clinical manifestations, Postparturient inappetance (98.3 per cent), reduced milk yield and weight loss were the prominent in fatty liver syndrome. Major concurrent diseases in fatty liver syndrome were ketosis, haemoprotozoan diseases, repeat breeder and mastitis. The present study will be helpful in field level diagnosis of fatty liver in cattle and supplements the knowledge on concurrent diseases that could influence the prognosis of individual animal. The study also opens gateway to do further research in considering alternates to the liver biopsy and histopathological studies.

Evaluation of Imaging Techniques and Invasive Procedures in Diagnosis of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows

<div>The experiment was conducted to determine serum [Ca2+], &acirc;-hydroxybutyrate in blood, milk and urine during peripartum and urinary pH. Ninety Jersey cows were selected during their last month of pregnancy. Five days before calving, at calving and 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after calving blood samples were taken. Ca2+, and &acirc;-hydroxybutyrate (&acirc;-HB) in blood serum, milk and urine were determined. Correlations and one-way ANOVA were used for the analyses. Calcium and glucose (mmolL-1) decreased throughout the peripartum: Ca2+ [2.65 to 2.31&plusmn;0.11 (p&lt;0.05)]; glucose [3.74 to 3.11&plusmn;0.26 (p&lt;0.05)]. NEFA, blood &acirc;-HB, urine &acirc;-HB and milk &acirc;-HB (mmolL-1) increased over time: NEFA [0.36 to 0.45&plusmn;0.05 (p&lt;0.05)]; blood &acirc;-HB [0.69 to 1.29&plusmn;0.07 (p&lt;0.05)]; urine &acirc;-HB [0.10 to 0.37&plusmn;0.09 p&lt;0.05)]; milk &acirc;-HB [0.09 to 0.18&plusmn;0.04 p&lt;0.05)]. Urine pH did not change: 7.31 to 6.95&plusmn;0.34 (p&gt;0.05). No correlation was found between b-HB in blood and b-HB in milk. b-HB in blood and milk did not have a functional relationship in Jersey cows that was useful in diagnosing metabolic disorders.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Calcium and b-hydroxybutyrate serum concentrations in early postpartum of Jersey cows</div>

Niacin (Vitamin B3) is significantly important for the metabolism of animals and human beings due to its incorporation into the coenzymes NAD and NADP. For dairy cows, the microbial synthesis of niacin in the rumen is an important source besides its availability from feed and endogenous formation. This vitamin is involved in various energy-yielding pathways and for synthesis of amino acid and fatty acid; for which it is important for milk production. Supplementation of niacin has beneficial effects on growth of cattle. The production performance of dairy cows fed with niacin at 6g/day may not be satisfactory, but supplementation of 12g of niacin per head per day can increase milk production by about 1lb. An optimistic return on asset is possible if the supplementation is limited to high producing early lactation cows. Supplementing the dairy animals with a dose of 6-12g of niacin will not only protect them from various metabolic diseases but will also help them defend from severe heat stress; ultimately leading to augmentation of their health, production potential and economy. 
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