<div>Background: Fungal phytopathogens are one of the main causes of deterioration of plant growth and productivity. Reliability of farmers on chemical fungicides poses a threat to humans and the environment. Therefore, exploration and uses of green and biological alternatives should be encouraged in the field of agriculture in order to maintain the overall health of a country. Plant essential oil is one such alternative that is currently researched and holds promises in unlocking the solution to this problem.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Effect of the oil extracted from K. galanga by hydro-distillation against fungal phytopathogens isolated from different plant parts were tested using two different methods of inhibition viz., by direct contact method (M1) and volatile/fumigation method (M2). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for both methods were also determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to show the effect of oil on the physiology of the pathogens. 
 
Result: MIC was in the range 1.5-6 &micro;l mL-1 for M1, whereas for M2 the MIC was in the range 2-10 &micro;l mL-1 air. The MFC for M1 ranges from 2-6 &micro;l mL-1, with the exception of Fusarium sp. and Cercospora sp. However for volatile/ fumigation assay, the MFC could not be determined. Thus the effectiveness of the oil for inhibiting the phytopathogens differ for different fungi and the methods used.&nbsp;</div>

​Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome against Fungal Phytopathogens

Background: The utilization of plant-based pesticides derived from clove&rsquo;s leaf and galangal represents a potential alternative for pest control, offering relative environmental safety, particularly in the case of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) infestations on rice plants. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal formulation of a plant pesticide based on clove&rsquo;s leaf and galangal extracts for effective management of N. lugens on rice plants.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The research was conducted at the Green House of the Pest and Plant Disease Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. Six different concentrations of clove&rsquo;s leaf pesticide and galangal were used, each with four replications. These concentrations were 2 ml/L, 4 ml/L, 6 ml/L, 8 ml/L, 10 ml/L, and a control group. The parameters measured included nymph mortality at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after pesticide application. The application of the pesticide employed three methods: insect spraying, plant spraying, and insect-on-plant spraying.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our investigations indicated that insect spraying with clove leaf pesticide resulted in a mortality rate of 43.3% to 93.3%, while galangal-based pesticide caused a mortality rate of 13.3% to 80%. Plant spraying with clove&rsquo;s leaf pesticide led to a mortality rate of 6.7% to 46.7%, and galangal-based pesticide resulted in a mortality rate of 6.7% to 40.0%. Insect-on-plant spraying caused mortality rates of 46.7% to 86.7% for clove&rsquo;s leaf-based pesticide and 50% to 76.7% for galangal-based pesticide at 12 to 72 hours after application. The highest efficacy in terms of the quickest insect mortality occurred at a concentration of 10% using the insect spraying and insect-on-plant spraying methods, with mortality observed at 12 hours after application. The slowest response was observed at a concentration of 10% using the plant spraying method, with mortality occurring at 48 hours after application. The LT50 values for 10% clove&rsquo;s leaf and galangal applications were determined as 18.2 hours and 24.6 hours, respectively. Therefore, clove&rsquo;s leaf and galangal-based plant pesticides can serve as viable alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of N. lugens, a pest of rice plants.&nbsp;

Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Leaves and Galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) Rhizome for the Management of Rice Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)

​Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome against Fungal Phytopathogens

Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Leaves and Galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) Rhizome for the Management of Rice Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)

Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome against Fungal Phytopathogens