Background: Rising demand for nutrient-rich fodder has highlighted the need for sustainable forage systems. In India, despite being the world&rsquo;s largest milk producer, fodder shortages, particularly a 61.1% deficit in green fodder, limit livestock productivity and milk yields. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a key fodder crop, but its yield and quality suffer due to nutrient deficiencies and inefficient fertilization. Conventional fertilizers contribute to nutrient loss and environmental issues, while Nano fertilizers offer better efficiency and forage quality. This study examines the effects of foliar-applied Nano Urea Plus and Nano ZnO on fodder maize to support sustainable livestock production. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2023-24, 2024-25 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University; Coimbatore followed a randomized block design. The fodder maize crop was treated with three levels of Nano Urea (0.5%,0.75% and 1%) and two levels of Nano ZnO (50 ppm and 100 ppm), along with the recommended dose of fertilizers and an absolute control, resulting in nine unique treatment combinations. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the combined application of 1% Nano Urea Plus and 100 ppm Nano ZnO along with the recommended dose of fertilizers significantly improved plant height (297.25 cm), the number of leaves (13.78), green fodder yield (437.04 q ha-1) and dry fodder yield (101.70 q ha-1) compared to absolute control. This treatment also enhanced forage quality by increasing crude protein content (9.70%), ether extract (2.56%) and total ash (9.19%), while reducing fibre fractions like neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin. 
&nbsp;

Enhancing Animal Nutritional Security Through Biofortification of Fodder Maize using Nano Urea Plus and Nano Zinc Oxide

<div>Background: Metallic nano-oxide has been influenced the environment in the past two decades. Their consequences are dreadfully uncertain. The increased graph of their interference suggested many extensive studies in various fields of the environment. The Gossypium hirsutum one of the prime harvest plants in India has been chosen for studying the impacts of metallic nano-oxide on their morphological characters as well as their fresh shoot and root weights. 
 
Methods: Study has been done in July 2020 as a randomized triplet. The need for the study was fulfilled by the four different metallic nano-oxides with their five specific concentrations. The metallic nano-oxides were titanium oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide. The five concentrations 00 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm and 100 ppm were taken from each one of metallic nano-oxide.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The zinc oxides treatment gave noteworthy positive growth and development in Gossypium hirsutum from germination to the blossoming time. Conversely, the concentrations of silver oxides were found little toxic for the growth of species. The copper and titanium oxides indicated little diversity in their growth patterns. The germination studies calculated best with titanium oxide treatment. The 80ppm concentration of copper oxide also reported better results at germination in comparison to control.</div>

Impact and Assessment of Engineered Metallic Nano-oxide on the Growth and Development of Gossypium hirsutum L.

Background: The current study was conducted at Al-Nahrain University&rsquo;s Biotechnology Research Center. This study&rsquo;s objectives were to synthesize and characterize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) and investigate the effects of varying concentrations on lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant defense system, biochemical parameters and kidney histology in male mice. 
 
Methods: Twenty male Albinos Mice weighing between 25 and 30 g were utilized. The mice were split up into four groups of ten. Group II, Group III and Group IV received oral treatment with Tin oxide NPs at doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg BW/day for four weeks, whereas the first group served as a control. Blood and kidney samples were taken for the examination of various parameters at the conclusion of the experiment. 
 
Result: Creatinine and urea levels dramatically rose following treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying doses. Treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of AST, ALT and ALP in mouse kidney homogenates, as well as a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Histopathological changes were noted, confirming the biochemical perturbations caused by iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations in mice kidney.

Nephrotoxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Male Mice

<div>Background: Nanoparticles such as Se, Cu, Fe, FeO, Zn and ZnO play a vital role in aquaculture operations and are essential microminerals to enhance fish growth. The dietary supplementation of nanoparticles produces better survival, growth, antioxidant levels and immunity in aquatic organisms. The present work aimed to evaluate the different quantity of Iron oxide nanoparticles on the Growth, Haematological and Biochemical Characteristics of Koi carp.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by using SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, XRD and VSM. Different quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles such as 0, 10,20,30,40 and 50mg/100g-1 was prepared along with the fish meal, groundnut oil cake, wheat flour and tapioca flour for feed I(Control), II, III, IV, V and VI respectively. Feed utilization, hematological and biochemical composition of Koi carp Cyprinus carpio var.koi were estimated after 21 days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, feed conversion ratio, Growth and Specific Growth Rate, Gross and Net Growth Efficiency of Koi carp was higher in Ex. Feed IV. The Hematological parameters of Koi carp gradually increased from Feed I to VI. Total protein, carbohydrate and lipid in muscle, gill and liver of Koi carp were higher in Feed VI and lower in feed I. The present work suggests that growth parameters are better in feed IV and hematological and biochemical parameters are higher in feed VI.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Different Quantity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Haematological and Biochemical Characteristics of Koi Carp</div>

Background: This study focused on Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) from multiple concentrations of Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) on oxidation of lipids, the defence system of antioxidants and biochemical measurements in the liver of male mice. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Twenty male Albino Mice weighing 25-30 g were used in the study. Animals were categorised into four groups, each comprising 10 mice. The initial group served as the control. Groups II, III and IV received oral administration of Tin oxide nanoparticles at 50, 25 and 10 mg/kg weight body per day for four weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected after the experimental period to investigate various parameters. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Treatment with Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPsin) varying concentrations elevated levels of in comparison to the control group, the liver and kidneys exhibited reduced glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The protein contents of rats were significantly reduced when they were administered iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at concentrations that differed from those of the control group.&nbsp; Treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations substantially increased urea and creatinine. In mice, an increase in urea and creatinine concentration is a substantial indicator of liver dysfunction. In mouse liver homogenates, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly reduced when treated with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) at varying concentrations. Conversely, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased. It is clear that iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) induce pronounced hazardous effects in the liver of mice in a dose-dependent manner, Biomarkers for the detrimental effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) may include estimating lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and biochemical parameters.

Biochemical and Total Antioxidant Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Liver Mice

In order to study the effect of nano- iron and manganese fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted at 2013-2014 growing season at the Research Farm in Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. Experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design arrangement in split plot with three replications. Three irrigation regimes (without water deficit stress, water deficit stress at vegetative stage and water deficit stress at reproductive stage) were randomized to the main plots and combinations of foliar nano-iron and nano-manganese application as were randomized to the sub plots. Statistical analysis showed that irrigation and spraying regimes and their interactions had significant effect on most of the measured traits. Water deficit stress significantly reduced yield and yield components of RGS canola variety. The most reduction was observed in plants under water deficit condition at reproductive stage. Use of micronutrients increased canola grain yield. The maximum grain yield was observed in plants that treated with iron sulfate 1 per thousand + manganese sulfate 1.5 per thousand. In general, low concentration levels of iron and manganese foliar application was more effective on plants for reduction harmful effect of water deficit levels than high micronutrient concentrations. 
&nbsp;

Effect of foliar application of nano iron and manganese chelated on yield and yield component of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water&nbsp;deficit stress at different plant growth stages

<div>Background: Aquaculture is one of the most rapidly expanding food production sectors. Due to intensification, declining water quality parameters negatively impact fish production and the surrounding environment. Thus, it is essential to maintain optimum water quality parameters and aquatic ecosystems for sustainable fish production. This study aims to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluate their efficiency against ammonia in cultured fish tanks under diverse conditions. 
 
Methods: Bacillus megaterium from the soil sample was isolated and identified. Iron oxide NPs were synthesized using Bacillus megaterium collected from soil samples and characterized by DLS-zeta potential, UV-vis, XRD, FTIR&nbsp;and TEM analysis. Next, synthesized NPs were evaluated under ex-situ and in-situ conditions to determine their efficacy in removing ammonia from Common carp, Cyprinus carpio culture tanks. 
 
Results: B. megaterium was isolated, identified, and 16S rRNA gene PCR-amplified sequences confirm the identification of B megaterium. DLS-zeta potential, UV-vis, XRD, FTIR&nbsp;and TEM analysis revealed the quality of synthesized NPs. B. megaterium from the soil sample was isolated and identified. The mean zeta potential of the biosynthesized NPs was between -4.65 to -6.45 mV and had an average size of 5 nm. The concentration of ammonia in aerated tanks treated with iron NPs reduced to less than 0.03 mg/dL from 0.3 mg/L. Also, fish mortality in these tanks was significantly controlled with the application of NPs. The application of NPs considerably reduced fish mortality in these fish tanks. Iron oxide NPs from B. megaterium can produce high-quality NPs that are efficient in removing ammonia from fish culture tanks. Further, exploratory studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of iron oxide NPs on aquatic organisms cultured in different environments.</div>

Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Efficiency in Ammonia Removal from Fish Culture Tanks

<div>Background: Nanotechnology is used in stem cell culture as well as in vivo delivery and tracking of stem cells. Graphene oxide (GO) is a carbon based nanomaterial and it has large surface area as well as good biocompatibility and heteroatoms doped GO exploit its properties. Hybrid GO (hGO) nano structures biocompatibility is depends on its size, dose and exposure time as well as in vitro cell models and hence, need thorough cytotoxicity studies in different species in vitro cell models.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) were isolated, characterized and dose dependent (100, 50, 25, 10 and 0&micro;g /ml) in vitro cytotoxicity of &nbsp;three different hGO nano structures (phosphorus doped graphene oxide titanium oxide tubes, rods and sheets) were &nbsp;analysed in caprine WJ-MSCs by studying cell cytotoxicity assays. &nbsp; 
 
Result: All three hGO nano structures were damaged cell morphology at 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses, however, morphologically more good cells were observed in hGO tubes treated group than hGO rods and hGO sheets at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses as compared to control. Cell viability percentage was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at dose 100 &micro;g/ml and it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 &micro;g/ml dose as compared to 50, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. But, hGO tubes significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased cell viability % as compared to hGO rods and hGO sheets. Cell population doubling time (PDT) was not altered significantly by all hGO nano structures, but 100 and 50 &micro;g/ml doses significantly (P&lt;0.01)increased cell PDT as compared to 25, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. All hGO nano structures were non significantly altered growth curve, however, all hGO nano structures at 25 &micro;g /ml dose altered (inclined) shape of growth curve, while 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses significantly declined growth curve shape as compared to 10 and 0 &micro;g /ml doses. Cell proliferation % was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses, while, it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at 100 &micro;g /ml dose as compared to 50 and 0 &micro;g /ml. However, there was no significance difference was observed in cell proliferation % in groups treated by different hGO nanostructures. In last, it was concluded as, hGO nano structures cytotoxicity was dose dependent and hGO nano tubes were least cytotoxic in caprine WJ-MSCs.&nbsp;</div>

<div>In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)</div>

Background: The research outlines a study utilizing zinc oxide (ZnO) as a nano-priming agent synthesized through combustion. ZnO nanoparticles are of significant attraction because of their distinct properties and combustion synthesis proves to be a versatile and effective method for their preparation. The exothermic nature of a combustion reaction offers a rapid and energy-efficient route to obtain nanoparticles with specific properties. Mung beans are rich in nutrients, easy to digest, with low glycemic index and show antioxidant and versatility as sprouted form, soup, dal, dessert and processed products like starch for noodles and flours. Mung beans are a globally traded commodity and may generate an income source for farmers. 
 
Methods: In this work, at 500oC, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using zinc nitrate and ascorbic acid. Characterization techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, RAMAN and FE SEM, confirmed ZnO nanoparticles. The experiment involved seed priming with varying concentrations of the ZnO nanoparticle (from 1 ppm to 5 ppm) suspension, with a control group that was left untreated. 
 
Result: The results revealed that treating mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds with a concentration of 5 ppm ZnO nanoparticles positively influenced seed germination, improved shoot and root lengths and overall biomass, compared to unprimed seeds and suggested ZnO nanoparticles as an effective nano-priming agent for promoting seedling growth and development. 
&nbsp;

Zinc Oxide Nano Priming: A Cutting-edge Strategy for Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Seed Bio-stimulation

Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo L.), a vital pulse crop in India, accounts for about 10% of total pulse production. Phosphorus is essential for legume growth, but its use efficiency is low in acidic soils due to fixation. Nano-phosphorus offers a potential alternative by releasing phosphorus gradually, improving uptake efficiency. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted using randomized block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications to evaluate black gram response to nano-phosphorus substitutions. Treatments included combinations of recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) through single super phosphate (SSP) and foliar sprays (FS) of nano DAP or nano phosphorus at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and flowering. 
&nbsp; 
Result:&nbsp; Results showed that 75% RDP through SSP + FS of nano DAP @ 5 ml L-1&nbsp;significantly improved pod number (48.67), pod length (5.31 cm), seeds pod-1&nbsp;(7.33), seed index (5.43 g) and yielded 20.13% and 55.44% higher seed yield than 100% SSP and control, respectively. This treatment also recorded the highest phosphorus uptake (13.38 kg ha-1) and net return (₹ 37,507.46 ha-1) with a return per rupee investment of 1.09. The study suggests that substituting up to 75% of molecular phosphorus with nano DAP enhances growth, yield and profitability of black gram in the terai region when supplemented with 20 kg N and 40 kg K ha-1. This approach offers a sustainable fertilization strategy for post-kharif black gram cultivation. The study was limited to a single location, which may restrict the generalization of results across varying soil and climatic conditions.

Enhancing Animal Nutritional Security Through Biofortification of Fodder Maize using Nano Urea Plus and Nano Zinc Oxide

Impact and Assessment of Engineered Metallic Nano-oxide on the Growth and Development of Gossypium hirsutum L.

Nephrotoxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Male Mice

Evaluation of Different Quantity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Haematological and Biochemical Characteristics of Koi Carp

Biochemical and Total Antioxidant Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Liver Mice

Effect of foliar application of nano iron and manganese chelated on yield and yield component of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water deficit stress at different plant growth stages

Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Efficiency in Ammonia Removal from Fish Culture Tanks

In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)

Zinc Oxide Nano Priming: A Cutting-edge Strategy for Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Seed Bio-stimulation

Substitutional Effect of Molecular Phosphorus with Nano Particle on the Performance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)