<div>Background:&nbsp;Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss] is most important oilseed crop grown in Rabi season and have been used as a source of edible oil in the Indian subcontinent. Low use of mustard oil is basically due to the presence of high content of erucic acid which not only deteriorate the quality of oil but also have harmful effects on human body. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Knowledge of erucic acid trait inheritance is crucial so as to define the breeding strategies for erucic acid trait in Indian mustard. In present study the experiment to study mode of inheritance of erucic acid trait was carried out among progeny of crosses involving high erucic acid (NRCHB-101) and low erucic acid (Heera and PDZ-1) cultivars of Brassica juncea. The study was conducted using six generations&nbsp;viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 derived from the crosses, NRCHB-101 &times; Heera and NRCHB-101 &times; PDZ-1.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The content of erucic acid of F1&rsquo;s was found intermediate between the parents while in F2 seeds itwas segregated into 5 classes i.e., &lt;2%, 2-10%, 11-20%, 21-30% and &gt;30% with a genotypic ratio of 1:4:6:4:1. Backcross seeds (B1 and B2) derived from the F1 backcrossing with high erucic acid and low erucic acid parents were classified into three classes with a ratio of 1:2:1. The segregation patterns confirmed that in case of B. juncea two genes are responsible for governance of erucic acid trait and these genes are inherited in additive manner. The results of this investigation also showed that inheritance of erucic acid content trait is under embryonic control with absence of maternal effect in B. juncea. This understanding of B. juncea&rsquo;s erucic acid inheritance will help breeders create B. juncea cultivars with zero erucic acid.</div>

​Deciphering the Information on Inheritance Mode of Erucic Acid Trait in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

<div>Background: Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus is one of the major constraints in mungbean production. Knowledge of mode of inheritance and gene effects of MYMV resistance is very useful and effective for the development of genotypes resistant to disease or incorporation of resistance into the desirable promising genotypes whichlack of disease resistance.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to estimate inheritance pattern of MYMV disease resistance in mungbean, the study was conducted in summer season (2019) under natural condition. Six generations such as Pl, P2, Fl, BC1, BC2 and F2 of six combinations [two resistant genotypes (7639 and 10266) and three susceptible genotypes (7621, 10257 and R-021018)] were studied inheritance pattern of resistance to MYMV in segregation population.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the result from mode of inheritance pattern of MYMV resistance, it can be concluded that single recessive gene is controlled the resistance of MYMV and susceptible behavior indicated as dominant over resistant. Additive gene action was the major role for the selection of MYMV resistance. Some differences in the expression of gene contributing for MYMV resistance from others findings might be attributed due to the sources of resistant genotypes which have different nature of resistant gene used in this investigation.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Inheritance and Gene Effect of Resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]</div>

Despite concerted breeding efforts directed towards genetic improvement of pigeonpea, huge gap exists between its potential and actual yields. Recently, in order to stabilize pigeonpea yield the CGMS- based system has been established in pigeonpea. Maintenance of the genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids, however, remains one the greatest challenges associated with CGMS-based system. In the context, identification of some markers clearly discriminating the parental lines and hybrids would be of immense importance. With this view, here we report the discovery of a spontaneous mutant phenotype that would act as potential visual marker in the CGMS based hybrid breeding programmes. Moreover, the nature of inheritance for the mutant phenotype was also examined. All the F1s derived from a bi-parental cross (mutant &times; normal) were normal with lanceolate leaves and normal flower morphology while the F2 and backcross generations segregated in ratio of 3:1 and 1:1, respectively indicating monogenic recessive inheritance of the gene(s) under investigation. More importantly, existence of a single gene affecting both traits would facilitate rapid introgression of these morphological markers into genetic backgrounds of different A-lines which will help in differentiating the CGMS-hybrids from their parental lines (A-lines). It is envisaged that these morphological markers would greatly assist pigeonpea breeders in maintaining the genetic purity while dealing with CGMS system in pigeonpea.

Investigating inheritance patterns of a spontaneous mutant in pigeonpea and its future implications for CGMS based hybrid breeding&nbsp;

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Botrytis grey mould (BGM) is a fungal disease of chickpea and can infect plants at any stage of development. In order to develop the resistant varieties, it is a necessary to understand the pattern of inheritance of its resistance and hence experiments were conducted during rabi 2014-17 at field area of GBPUAT, Pantnagar.&nbsp; 
Methods: The six different generations of three crosses i.e., DKG 876 x&nbsp;GNG1581, DKG 876 x&nbsp;H 208 and DKG 876 x&nbsp;DCP 92-3 were used as experimental material. All six generations were sown in compact family block design and data obtained from field disease screening were subjected to chi-square analysis.&nbsp; 
Result: The results revealed that resistance to BGM was dominant over susceptibility. The inheritance of resistance against BGM showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3 (resistant):1 (susceptible). The results of present study showed the presence of a major gene in governing resistance to BGM in chickpea.</div>

Studies on Inheritance of Botrytis Grey Mould Resistance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

In the present study, generation mean analysis and chi-square test were undertaken to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action for yield and its component traits; and inheritance pattern of seed colour and lustre in two crosses of mungbean viz Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/ DMS 01-34-2. Scaling and joint scaling tests revealed the presence of one or more kinds of epistatic effects for almost all the agro-morphological traits. The selection of elite lines from delayed generations and subsequent inter mating might be useful approach to recover/ develop the high yielding mungbean lines. The elite lines recovered from crosses Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/ DMS 01-34-2 might be superior in terms of early maturity with more number of branches, pods high seed index, biomass and yield. Likewise, crosses i.e. Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 for average intermodal length; Sona/ DMS 01-34-2 for NSP; may give opportunity to isolate transgressive segregants in advanced generations. There was also a possibility to recover the yellow and shiny seeded mungbean lines due to its monogenic inheritance of seed coat colour and lusture.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Generation mean analysis to estimate the genetic parameters for yield&nbsp;improvement and inheritance of seed colour and lusture in&nbsp;mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]&nbsp;

In view of growing importance of oil quality, an understanding of the inheritance of high oleic acid is essential to breed for high oleate groundnuts. Hence an investigation was undertaken to infer genes governing the high oleic acid in newly identified sources of groundnut. Number of crosses studied were one with low &nbsp;&times; &nbsp;medium &nbsp;(TAG &nbsp;24 &nbsp;&times; TPG &nbsp;41), &nbsp;two &nbsp;with low &times; high (TAG &nbsp;24 &times; ICG &nbsp;2381 and TAG &nbsp;24 &times; 104 &nbsp;P51) &nbsp;and with one &nbsp;medium &times; high &nbsp;oleic &nbsp;acid &nbsp;(TPG &nbsp;41 &times; 104 &nbsp;P 56) cross combinations during &nbsp;post &nbsp;rainy season of &nbsp;2010 at Main Agricultural Research Station of University &nbsp;of &nbsp;Agricultural &nbsp;Sciences, Dharwad, India. Individuals in &nbsp;F2 &nbsp;generation segregated &nbsp;in the ratio 3:1 &nbsp;in &nbsp;the &nbsp;crosses of low &times; medium and &nbsp;medium &times; high crosses and 15:1 in &nbsp;low &times; high &nbsp;cross combinations suggesting duplicative &nbsp;recessive genes governing &nbsp;the &nbsp;high &nbsp;oleate &nbsp;trait.&nbsp;

Inheritance of high oleic acid content in new sources&nbsp;of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div>Background: Blackgram or Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food legume crop of Indian sub-continent. Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV) disease is an emerging major yield limiting factor. The yield loss due to ULCV disease ranges from 62 - 100%. So far, no information is available on the genetics of this disease. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the nature of inheritance of ULCV disease in blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted at the National Pulses Research Center, Vamban, Tamil Nadu, India. &nbsp;Seven crosses were made between ULCV susceptible [VBN (Bg] 4, VBN 6 and VBN 8) and resistant (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053) genotypes during Nov-Dec 2016 season. All F2 populations were artificially screened during July-Aug, 2017 for their resistance against ULCV disease through sap transmission technique. Individual plants in F2 generation were scored as resistant and susceptible based on the symptom appearance. Disease reaction was recorded on 60 days after sap transmission. Ratio for ULCV disease (resistance: susceptible) in the segregating population was tested through Chi-square test. 
 
Result: Among crosses viz., VBN 6 x Mash 114, VBN 6 x Mash 1008, VBN 8 x Mash 114, VBN 8 x Mash 1008 and VBN 8 x VBG 11053 had digeneic inhibitory gene action (13R:3S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 1008 had trigeneic inhibitory gene action (49R:15S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 114 did not fit into any genetic ratio. Differences in number of genes involved for ULCV might be due to the presence of similar allelic pattern for a gene among male and female parents. Gene symbols were assigned for six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii [VBN (Bg) 4], S1S1S2S2ii (VBN 6 and VBN 8) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053). Hence, delayed selection in recombination breeding was suggested to enhance the ULCV disease resistance in black gram.</div>

<div>Inheritance of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus Disease in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) &nbsp;Hepper]</div>

Background: Eggplant is a prominent vegetable crop in India, valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Improving yield and related traits in brinjal demands a clear insight into the gene-actions governing quantitative traits. The development and cultivation of numerous high-yielding hybrids have further boosted brinjal production across the country. Generation mean analysis offers an effective approach to dissect genetic architecture, including additive, dominance and epistatic effects, that influence trait inheritance. 
 
Methods: The study evaluated six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1&nbsp;and B2) from four brinjal crosses-JBL-1 &times; JBR-4, JBR-2 &times; JBR-5, JBR-1 &times; JBR-6 and JBR-3 &times; JBL-3-at the experimental farm of LPU during Kharif 2024. Data were recorded on ten traits including fruit yield, its components, earliness and pest infestation. Scaling tests and joint scaling tests were conducted to test model adequacy. A six-parameter model was used to estimate gene effects [m], [d], [h], [i], [j] and [l] to identify the types and magnitudes of gene interactions. 
 
Result: Significant deviations from the additive-dominance model across most traits confirmed the pervasive influence of epistasis. Duplicate epistasis emerged as the predominant form of gene interaction for all traits studied DFF, DP, FL, FG, NFPP (except family 2), NPBP (except family 3), PH, TFYP (except 3 and 4 families) and FBI. Total fruit yield per plant exhibited complex inheritance involving both additive and non-allelic effects. The identification of crosses exhibiting favorable additive and duplicate epistatic effects underscores their potential for genetic enhancement of yield and early maturity in brinjal breeding programs.

Inheritance Pattern of Yield and its Components in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Through Generation Mean Analysis

<div>Background: Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) transmitted by white fly, Bemisia tabaci is the most persistent and devastating biotic stress worldwide and in India resulting the reduced productivity of mungbean. At the same time the yield levels in mungbean reached a plateau, which emphasizes the importance of varieties with improved productivity. 
 
Methods: In the present investigation, to address this urgent requirement of YMD resistant high yielding varieties, six-parameter model of generation mean analysis was employed for proper understanding of the genetic architecture and gene actions. Susceptible genotype MGG 385 was crossed with four resistant genotypes (LGG 607, LGG 630, WGG 42 and PM 5) to produce respective F1s (during rabi, 2018-19), BC1s, BC2s (during summer, 2019) and F2s (during kharif, 2019). These generations of the four crosses were evaluated for various yield related traits in rabi, 2019-20 and phenotyped for YMD in summer, 2020 at Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh which is hotspot for YMD. 
 
Result: The scaling tests and joint scaling test indicated the inadequacy of Additive-dominant model for all most all traits including YMD except for branches per plant and pods per cluster. The study revealed the importance of non-allelic interactions in the inheritance of majority of traits including YMD. Among the non-allelic interactions, [l] type of interaction is predominant. Further, the control of duplicate type of epistasis in the inheritance is evident at least in few crosses for all the traits (except grain yield per plant) that had inadequacy for additive-dominant model, which hinders the pace of the progress through selection. In presence of inter-allelic interaction with such duplicate type of epistasis, population approach in self-pollinated crops, which is similar to recurrent selection in cross pollinated crops or biparental mating followed by conventional selection in the later generations should be adopted for identifying desirable segregants.</div>

Understanding the Genetic Architecture and Gene Actions Involved in the Inheritance of Yellow Mosaic Disease and Other Yield Related Traits in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

<div>Background: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the most destructive disease in blackgram. Development of MYMV resistant varieties is one of the best possible solutions to avoid the yield reduction in blackgram. There are conflicting reports on the genetics of resistance to MYMV disease claiming that it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes. Hence the present study was aimed to understand the inheritance pattern of the MYMV disease resistance in eight crosses of blackgram. 
 
Methods: Parents, F1 and F2 generation of eight cross combinations were raised during July - Sep, 2018 at National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Tamil Nadu. An infector row of CO 5 was raised to intensify the MYMV disease pressure after every eight rows.&nbsp;Based on disease incidence on 60th day after sowing, two phenotypic classes were formed among F2 plants with the scales of (1 to 3) as resistant phenotype and (4 to 9) as susceptible phenotype. The goodness of fit to Mendelian segregation ratio for MYMV disease resistance in the segregating population was tested by Chi square test (Stansfield, 1991). 
 
Result: The MYMV disease incidence was tri-genically controlled with inhibitory gene action in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 114, CO5 x Mash 114, MDU 1 x VBN 6 and CO 5 x VBN 6. Complementary gene action with two genes was observed in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 1008, CO 5 x Mash 1008, MDU 1 x VBN 8 and CO 5 x VBN 8. Differences in number of genes were observed due to the presence of recessive inhibitory gene in both male and female parents of the crosses which had complementary gene action for MYMV disease. The putative gene symbols assigned for the six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii (MDU 1 and CO 5), s1s1s2s2II (Mash 114 and VBN 6) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 1008 and VBN 8), respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Deciphering the Information on Inheritance Mode of Erucic Acid Trait in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Inheritance and Gene Effect of Resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Investigating inheritance patterns of a spontaneous mutant in pigeonpea and its future implications for CGMS based hybrid breeding

Studies on Inheritance of Botrytis Grey Mould Resistance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Generation mean analysis to estimate the genetic parameters for yield improvement and inheritance of seed colour and lusture in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Inheritance of high oleic acid content in new sources of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Inheritance of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus Disease in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Inheritance Pattern of Yield and its Components in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Through Generation Mean Analysis

Understanding the Genetic Architecture and Gene Actions Involved in the Inheritance of Yellow Mosaic Disease and Other Yield Related Traits in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Inheritance Pattern of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]