<div>Background: Utilizing two wild cotton species, Gossypium anomalum [Wawra and Peyritsch (2n=2x=26) B1] and Gossypium aridum [Skovsted (2n=2x=26) D4], extensive wide hybridization event carried out with upland cotton to assess the feasibility and ease of delivering genetic variation responsible for resistance to various stresses. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The crossing was carried out using the wild species and the cultivate varieties of upland cotton in 2021-2022 at TNAU, Coimbatore. Total of 12 crosses were attempted and the various aspect regarding the feasibility success of different crosses was studied. 
 
Result: In contrast to their reciprocals, viable offspring were generated in the direct crosses with tetraploid parents employed as seed parents with both wild species. A huge bulk of bolls dropped during the first seven days of pollination and no matured boll set was observed in reciprocals. Most G. anomalum hybrids produce F1 offspring with thick and long leaf hairs which help the plant attain resistance against sucking pests. Through successive backcrosses or chromosome duplication, such genetic material potentially can be utilized furthermore in plant breeding to provide new beneficial resistance traits apart from other significant and relevant features.</div>

Crossability Relationship between Wild Cotton G. anomalum and G. aridum with Upland Cotton (G. hirsutum)

<div style="text-align: justify;">This work aimed to study the effects of gamma (g) irradiation on the total phenols and total flavonoid contents of celery leaves and to investigate effect of g-irradiated celery leaves powder (g-Irr.CLP) against hypercholesterolemia in rats. Results obtained that g-irradiation increased the amount of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of dried celery. &nbsp;The results of biological study showed marked increases in the concentrations of serum lipid contents, activities of liver and cardiac marker enzymes and level of TBARS with a significant decrease in serum high-density lipoprotein concentration and reduction in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes and glutathione contents of serum and heart tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats compared to control rats. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with raw CLP or g-Irr.CLP showed significantly less severe damage and remarkable improvement in all of the measured parameters when compared to hypercholesterolemic rats lowered the concentrations of serum lipid contents, liver and cardiac marker enzymes and TBARS level and ameliorate anti-oxidant enzymatic status in serum and cardiac tissue. These results suggest that, treatment with g-Irr.CLP has a powerful modulating effect on hypercholesterolemia induced oxidative stress and has the potential in reducing cardiovascular complications.</div>

Studying the effect of g-irradiated celery leaves on antioxidant status and cardiac enzymes in hypercholesterolemic rats

<div>Background: Bovine Rotavirus is one of the most important viral etiological agent responsible for causing neonatal diarrhea incurring severe economic loss to farmers. The presence of large genome size, segmented nature and absence of proof reading activity of RNA polymerase leads to frequent reassortment and thus emergence of new G and P types with ability of interspecies transmission.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During an epidemiological study (July 2016 to July 2019) 200 diarrheic fecal samples were screened for Bovine Rotavirus A using ELISA and RNA-PAGE. Further, twenty two positive samples for RVA were subjected to molecular detection for VP6, VP4 and VP7 genes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Ten (20/200) and 11(22/200) percent diarrheic fecal samples were found positive using ELISA and RNA-PAGE respectively. Twenty samples found positive in ELISA were also found positive in RNA-PAGE. Amongst which 22 (100%) samples were found positive for VP6, while 15 (68.18%) samples showed amplification for VP4 and VP7 gene. All Rotavirus A positive samples were genotyped by multiplex RT-PCR assay. G1G3 was found to be most predominant (53.33%) followed by G3 (26.66%), while one sample each showed the presence of G1G5 and G3G8 (6.66%). Ten samples showed mixed genotype (66.66%). One sample was non typeable (6.66%). Among the P types, P[11] was the most predominant (73.33%), while one sample each showed the presence of P[5] and P[5]P[11] (6.66%) and 02 samples were non typeable (13.33%). The G and P genotype combination determined in 12 samples were as follows; G3P [11] found in two samples (16.66%), G3P[5] in 01(08.33%), G1G5P[11] in 01(08.33%), G1G3P[11] in 07 (58.33%), while 01 (08.33%) sample had mixed genotype G1G3P[5]P[11] combination.</div>

<div>Presence of Human G Rotavirus Genotypes Amongst Bovine Calves and its Combination with P Genotypes</div>

Animal rotaviruses (RVs) are considered as a potential threat to humans due to possibility of interspecies transmission and exchange of genomic materials. Among several RVs, the group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the major cause of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo calves worldwide. The present study was carried out to understand epidemiology and types of RVA circulating in Mathura region of northern India. One hundred faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic cattle (n=94) and buffalo calves (n=6) from organized dairy farms. Viral RNA was extracted from faecal suspension and was transcribed to cDNA using RT-PCR. The cDNA was amplified for VP6, VP7 and VP4 genes and multiplex nested PCR was done for G and P genotyping. Twelve samples were detected positive for RVA by antigen detection ELISA and eleven samples produced expected amplicon for group A specific VP6 gene. On genotyping with G3, G6, G8 and G10 specific primers for VP7 gene and P [1] and P [11] specific primers for VP4 gene, G6 genotype predominated over other genotypes. Dual genotypes were also observed. In P typing only one isolate was found to be positive for P [1] and rest all samples remained untypable. The result of present study indicates G6 as a major G genotype and change in frequencies of distribution of G types in this part of the country.&nbsp;

G and P types of bovine group A rotavirus in northern India

<div style="text-align: justify;">Performance of a genotype is the result of its genetic constitution and the environment in which it has been grown. In practice, a particular variety may not exhibit the same phenotypic performance under different environments. &nbsp;Also, different varieties may respond differently to a specific environment. Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE biplot analyses are the most frequently used models to explain G&times;E interaction of multi-environment cultivar trials. Based on climatic conditions, the pearl millet cultivation in India is divided in 3 major zones A1, A and B for effective evaluation of the pearl millet breeding material. In the present study, the G&times;E interaction in pearl millet genotypes from zone-A of India has been evaluated using the techniques of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses. A new Weighted Stability Index (WSI) has been proposed for determining the high yielding and stable genotypes based on the normalized indices for grain yield and ASV indices. The three interaction principal component axes (IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3) have been found to be significant for this zone. AMMI Stability Value (ASV) and Stability Index have been used to find the most stable genotypes while indices YSI and WSI have been used to find both the most stable and high yielding genotypes. On the basis of ASV, genotypes MH 2120, MH 2109 and MH 2116 have been found to be the most stable for this Zone. The Spearman&rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient between YSI and WSI was found to be significant at 1% level of significance indicating that the two indices have almost similar performance in determining high yielding stable genotypes. &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A new index for evaluation of G&times;E interaction in pearl millet using AMMI and GGE biplot analyses</div>

<div>Recombinant horse cytokines may be used as biological adjuvant for enhancing vaccine efficacy and therapeutic agent. This study describes low cost production of recombinant horse IL-2, IL-18 and IFN-&atilde; in prokaryotic system. Immunomodulatory activities of recombinant horse IL-2, IL-18 and IFN-&atilde; have been demonstrated in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Recombinant horse IL-2 and IL-18 enhanced cellular proliferation and significantly up regulated transcription and secretion of IFN-&atilde;, TNF-&aacute;, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12p35. In contrast, recombinant horse IFN-&atilde; was comparatively less active and did not show significant immune-stimulatory effect.</div>

<div>Investigating immunomodulating activities of recombinant horse IL-2, IL-18 and IFN-&atilde; in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)</div>

<div>Background: Horseradish is a valuable agricultural crop with gastronomic and medical significance. It contains mono- and polysaccharides, protein compounds and organic acids, minerals and starch, as well as a rich vitamin complex. Unfortunately, horseradish diseases are still insufficiently studied, while crop losses from them can be quite significant. The purpose of our study was to determine the composition of pathogenic fungi on horseradish Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B.Mey. &amp;&nbsp;Scherb. and to develop measures to combat them.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: &nbsp;The research was carried out on horseradish &ldquo;Atlant&rdquo; varieties in the plantings of the of FSBSI &ldquo;Far East Federal Research Center of agrobiotechnology n.a. A.K. Chaika&rdquo; at 2019-2020. Studies of phytopathogens were carried out in the field conditions and in vitro. Microscopy was performed using Levenhuk D740T, 5,1 MP. Lifelong injuries photofixation was performed using Sony SAL1855. Processing of the microscopy results was carried out using Outfi, PluriIQ, CellProfiler software. In the experiment to study the agent fungicidal efficacy against horseradish diseases, we used: Acrobat WG, Bravo SC, Zummer SC, Consento SC, Infinito SC, Topaz EW, Ordan SP, Thiovit Jet WG, Rajok EW, Proton Extra RG, Ridomil Gold MZ RG. The agents were diluted in doses of 10%, 30% and 70% of the recommended dose, the index of conidia occurrence was calculated, phytotoxicity was carried out.&nbsp; 
 
Result: For five iterations, the greatest fungicidal activity was demonstrated by the Acrobat WG, Topaz EW and Proton Extra WG agents. The maximum effectiveness was observed for the agent&nbsp;Ridomil Gold MZ WG. The lowest efficiency was shown by the Infinito SC, Consento SC, Ordan SP, Thiovit Jet WG agents. No phytotoxic effect was found in any of the agents.</div>

<div>White Rust Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze, 1797 in Horseradish Crops (Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. &amp; Scherb., 1800) in the South of the Far East and Measures to Control it</div>

<div>Background: Nitric oxide (NO) physiology is very complex in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). While NO relaxes detrusor in some species, in contrary, it produces contraction in other. NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was found to inhibit CCh-induced contraction in goat DSM in earlier studies, but it is not known how SNP produces inhibitory action on goat DSM. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the mechanism of inhibitory action of SNP pertaining to involvement of G- protein and other second messenger on goat DSM.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Goat detrusor muscle strips collected from local abattoir were mounted in a thermostatically controlled (37o&plusmn;0.5oC) organ bath (20 ml capacity) containing physiological solution. Following 1 hr of equilibration, carbachol (CCh) (10-5 M) induced sub-maximal contraction was elicited both in the absence and presence of SNP (10-5 M). Involvement of NO and guanylyl cyclase was assessed using nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (10-5 M) and guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (10-5 M). Experiments were also carried out in the presence of G-protein activator aluminium fluoride (AlF) (10-5 M), protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-12-myristate (PMA) (10-5 M), nifedipine, low Ca2+ PSS, theophylline and Zero Ca2+ PSS.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Inhibitory effect of SNP (10-5 M) on CCh-induced contraction on goat DSM was reversed by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-name (10-5 M) and guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (10-5 M). Prior incubation of the tissues with AlF and PMA also reversed the SNP mediated inhibition. On the other hand, nifedipine and low Ca2+ PSS; and theophylline and zero Ca2+ PSS potentiated the SNP-mediated inhibition. Thus, the present study shows that SNP elicited inhibitory effect on goat DSM is both NO-dependent and cGMP-dependent. In addition, the result shows that SNP inhibits G-protein coupled PKC leading to inhibition of both Ca2+ entry and intracellular Ca2+ release with a resultant decrease in intracellular Ca2+.</div>

Sodium Nitroprusside Inhibits Detrusor Muscle Contraction through G-protein Mediated Inhibition of Intracellular Ca2+ Release

<div>Background: Groundnut is the premier oilseed crop of India and contributed nearly 40 per cent of the total oilseed production. But the average yield of the crop in India is as low as 900 kg ha-1. Among the several constraints, improper nutrient management is the reason for low productivity. It is necessary to provide edible oil to the growing population on the basis of minimum requirement of oils and fats, it should be 5.49 million tonnes, against the present production of only 2.9 million tonnes leaving a gap of 2.6 million tonnes. Peanut seed contains 25 to 30% digestible protein, 45 to 50% oil, 20% carbohydrate and 5% fibre and ash which make a substantial contribution to human nutrition. Groundnut being a legume oilseed crop, P, S and Ca requirement is quite high. Keeping the above facts in view, the present investigation is proposed to study the effect of INM on yield, uptake of nutrients and soil fertility status in groundnut crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during February 2017 at Semmedu village, Panruti taluk, Cuddalore district to study the effect of integrated nutrients management on growth and yield of groundnut (G-7). The experimental design adopted in this study was randomized block deisgn with following thirteen treatments. 
 
Result: The results of this experiment showed that combined application of 100% RDF + Basal application Rhizobium and Phosphobacteria @ 2 Kg ha-1 (T5) recorded highest growth and yield parameters viz., plant height (82.20 cm), leaf area index (2.76), dry matter production (5776.20 kg ha-1), number of pods plant-1(20.96), 100 kernel weight (49.76 g), shelling percentage (72.83), pod yield (2576.4 kg ha-1), haulm yield (3174.5 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (2044.46 kg ha-1), recorded with significantly higher values.</div>

<div>Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield and Yield Attributes and Quality Groundnut (G -7)</div>

<div>Background: AMMI analysis showed that genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction had a highly significant variation for 20 wheat genotypes analyzed over four environments. ASV ranking revealed G15 (RVW-4275) as a stable genotype while G3 (RVW-4263) and G9 (RVW-4269) as unstable genotypes. GGE biplot analysis for environment interrelationship revealed that E1 (Irrigated timely sown), E2 (Restricted irrigation timely sown) were correlated forming one group and E3 (Irrigated late sown), E4 (Restricted irrigation late sown) were correlated forming another group. Polygon view showed that G9 (RVW-4269) was found stable and better performing in E1, G12 (RVW-4272) was stable under the E2 environment and G3 (RVW-4263) was stable in E3. Ideal genotype graph with concentric circles having ideal genotype at the center and genotypes G12(RVW-4272), G18(RVW-4278), G13(RVW-4273), G11(RVW-4271), G10 (RVW4270) present in a concentric circle close to the center can to considered as stable and desirable genotypes. 
 
Methods: In the present study the plant material comprised of 20 wheat genotypes. These genotypes were randomly allocated in different replication under different environmental condition. The field trial was evaluated at four different environments viz., E1- Irrigated timely sown, E2- Restricted irrigation is timely sown (RI- 2 irrigation), E3- Irrigated late sown, E4- Restricted irrigation late sown during Rabi season of 2016-2017 at research farms, college of agriculture, Gwalior, MP. The genotype main effects and genotype &times; environment interaction effects (GGE) model and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model were two statistical approaches used to determine stable genotype in R software. 
 
Result: Highly significant difference was seen for genotype and G&times;E interaction in our study, revealing that genotype yield output was highly impacted by G&times;E. In all four environments and G3, G9 as unstable genotypes in all four environments, ASV ranking revealed G15 as a stable genotype. For further breeding, these genotypes G12, G18, G13, G11, G2, G10 and G15 may be used to grow genotypes adapted to conditions of partial irrigation or drought stress.</div>

Crossability Relationship between Wild Cotton G. anomalum and G. aridum with Upland Cotton (G. hirsutum)

Studying the effect of g-irradiated celery leaves on antioxidant status and cardiac enzymes in hypercholesterolemic rats

Presence of Human G Rotavirus Genotypes Amongst Bovine Calves and its Combination with P Genotypes

G and P types of bovine group A rotavirus in northern India

A new index for evaluation of G×E interaction in pearl millet using AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

Investigating immunomodulating activities of recombinant horse IL-2, IL-18 and IFN-ã in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

White Rust Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze, 1797 in Horseradish Crops (Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 1800) in the South of the Far East and Measures to Control it

Sodium Nitroprusside Inhibits Detrusor Muscle Contraction through G-protein Mediated Inhibition of Intracellular Ca²⁺Release

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield and Yield Attributes and Quality Groundnut (G -7)

AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis for G×E Interaction of Wheat Genotypes under Different Irrigation and Sowing Condition