<div>Background: ROS ( Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulated&nbsp; during heat stress induced oxidative stress is involved in triggering the activation of transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) which further results in the up regulation of HSP. A cooperation between PGC1&alpha; and HSF1 in the induction of HSPs in response to thermal stress was reported in mice. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of HS (Heat Stress) on HSP-70 and PGC-1&alpha; expression in broilers.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Method: The study was conducted in two phases, one during autumn and the other during summer with a total of 300 birds. During the first phase, 60 chicks were divided into six replicates with 10 birds in each and during the second phase, 240 chicks were divided into four groups with six replicates containing 10 birds in each. The experimental rations given to different groups were as control (Basal ration), HS I (Basal ration), HS II (Basal ration+0.3 ppm Se, HS III (Basal ration+0.6 ppm Se) and HS IV (Basal ration+0.9 ppm Se). Hepatic tissues were collected for analysis at 21 d and 42 d. 
 
Result: The MDA levels and expression of HSP-70 protein in hepatic tissues were increased due to HS both at 21 and 42 d, while the expression of PGC-1&alpha; protein increased at 42 d. Se supplementation at 0.3 ppm was effective in decreasing the concentration of MDA and HSP-70 protein at 21d, whereas 0.6 ppm and 0.9 ppm were effective at 42d. Se supplementation decreased the expression of PGC-1&alpha; protein at 42 d during HS.</div>

Effect of Organic Selenium during HS in Broiler Chicken: The Interplay of HSP-70 and PGC-1&alpha;

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Japanese quail, similar to domestic chicken, is equally sensitive and susceptible to stress but limited literatures are available so far. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of feed withdrawal stress on the changes in reproductive tissues, steroid hormones and gene expression in Japanese quail.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Forty two quail hens (10weeks) were individually caged and subjected to feed withdrawal for a period of 10 days without water restriction. Six birds each were sacrificed on 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 day. The reduction in oviduct weight and serum concentration of steroid hormones was evaluated. The quantitative expression of IGF-1, Caspase-2, Survivin and HSP-70 genes were performed in ovarian follicles using real-time PCR.&nbsp; 
 
Result: No hierarchial follicles were detected after day 6. The ovary and oviduct weight was significantly reduced on day 2 and 4 respectively. The serum estrogen and progesterone were declined significantly when corticosterone was increased from day 1. The IGF-1 gene expression was significantly (P&lt;0.05) down regulated in yellow and atretic follicles. The gene expression of Survivin and caspase-2 was up-regulated in F3 follicle. It concludes feed withdrawal brings noticeable change in reproductive tissues, steroid hormones and associated gene expression in Japanese quail.</div>

Effect of Feed Withdrawal Stress on Reproductive Tissue, Sex Steroids and mRNA Expression of IGF-1, Survivin, Caspase 2 and HSP 70 Gene in the Ovarian Follicles of Japanese Quail

<div>Thermal stress is a unique and complex process which alters the normal physiological mechanisms. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins synthesized in response to several stimuli. The HSP inducers have been categorized as environmental (heat shock, UV radiation, heavy metals, amino acids, oxidative stress, etc.) pathological (bacterial or parasitic infections, fever, inflammation, etc.) and physiological (growth factors, cell differentiation, hormonal stimulation or tissue development, caloric restriction, etc.). The HSPs play an important role for maintaining cellular functioning under environmental challenges and protein denaturation conditions. There is a great potential for using HSP72 expression to detect natural adaptation and exposure to stress in natural populations. Leptin is a 16 kDa polypeptide hormone secreted primarily from the cells of white adipose tissue. Leptin acts through both central and peripheral mechanisms to affect feeding behaviour, lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, reproductive and endocrine functions. Leptin also plays an important role in the regulation of body weight and composition, e.g. reduction in feed intake and increase in energy expenditure. Bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene (leptin receptor) and also express leptin. There are ample information on the central role of leptin in brain and neural tissue regulation. In dairy cattle, the increase in milk yield has been associated with a negative energy balance and a decrease in fertility during early lactation. The hormone leptin is involved in regulation of nutritional status and reproductive function.</div>

Role of HSP and Leptin in Dairy Animals during Thermal Stress: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study investigates the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and organic acid blend (OAB) supplementation individually and in combination on small intestinal microbiota and expression of heat shock protein 70 in Hubbard chicks. 128 day- old birds were divided into four different groups with each group having 4 replicates in a trial of 35 days. The first group was kept as control whereas, the second and third groups were given MOS and OAB respectively. The fourth group (MOS+OAB) was given combination of MOS and OAB. At the end of trial, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. The number of lactic acid bacteria and yeast were significantly higher in MOS+OAB birds compared to other groups. Expression of heat shock protein 70 significantly decreased by MOS and OAB individually and in combination. It is concluded that combined supplementation of MOS and OAB is beneficial in broilers.</div>

Combined supplementation of organic acid blend and mannanoligosaccharide suppresses expression of heat shock protein 70 in broilers

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are group of proteins which are synthesized during heat stress. HSP genes have been reported to be associated with heat tolerance and production performance in cattle. HSP90AA1 gene has been mapped on Bos taurus autosome 21 (BTA 21) and spans nearly 5368 bp comprising 11 exons out of which first exon does not translate. The present study was carried out in Sahiwal cows (n=100) with the objectives to identify SNPs in targeted regions (exon 3, 7, 8 &amp; 11) of HSP90AA1 gene and to analyze their association with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) was recorded once during probable extreme hours in winter, spring and summer season. Further, heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) also calculated to see the adaptability of the animals during the period of heat stress. On the basis of comparative sequence analysis, total five SNPs were revealed at position of A1209G, A3292C, T4935C, T5218C and A5224C in the targeted region of HSP90AA1 gene. Out of these, only two SNPs at A1209G and A3292C loci were found significantly associated with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows. Whereas, THI has a highly significant associated with RR, RT and HTC in all the seasons. At A1209G locus in Sahiwal cows for traits RR, genotype AA (18.40&plusmn;0.46a), AG (19.60&plusmn;0.85b) and GG (21.18&plusmn; 0.64ab) and trait HTC AA (1.78&plusmn;0.04a), AG (1.85&plusmn;0.03b) and GG (1.91&plusmn; 0.02c) differ significantly (p&lt;0.01) while trait RT, AG (38.32&plusmn;0.10b) and GG (38.27&plusmn;0.08ab) didn&rsquo;t differ significantly. For a locus A3292C for traits RR, genotype AA (21.55&plusmn;1.01a), AC (19.66&plusmn;1.59b) and CC (18.40&plusmn;1.03c) differ significantly (p&lt;0.05), while traits RT, genotype AA (38.41&plusmn;0.12), AC (38.28&plusmn;0.20) and CC (37.96&plusmn;0.15) didn&rsquo;t differ significantly. For trait HTC, AA (1.93&plusmn;0.04a), AC (1.85&plusmn;0.06b) and CC (1.79&plusmn;0.05c) found significantly (p&lt;0.05) differ with each other. Our study indicated that Sahiwal cows of AA and AC genotype had better thermo-tolerance capacity, which had been useful for genetic improvement of Sahiwal cattle for heat tolerance traits.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 90AA1 gene and their association with heat tolerance traits in Sahiwal cows

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP70, are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed proteins that are synthesized in response to a variety of stressors. Among these, HSP70 plays a crucial role in cellular protection during heat stress by being rapidly up-regulated, thereby exerting a cytoprotective effect. Acting as molecular chaperones, HSPs help maintain the proper three-dimensional structure of proteins under adverse environmental conditions. As a result, they enhance cellular adaptability and contribute significantly to stress tolerance and thermal regulation. The present study aimed to examine the expression pattern of the HSP70 gene in Red Kandhari cattle across different seasons, with a particular focus on assessing relative thermal stress during summer in comparison to the winter and rainy seasons. 
 
Methods: In the present experiment, apparently healthy, male (n=12) and females (n=12) experimental animals of Red Kandhari cattle with the average age ranging from 1-4 yrs were selected from Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani. Blood samples (2 mL) were collected once for the three different seasons viz. summer: April-May (May: THI 83.36), rainy: June-September (September: THI 78.24) and winter: January-February (January: THI 67.84) during 2023. A quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) expression study was undertaken to evaluate the relative m-RNA expression pattern of the HSP70 gene during different seasons. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the relative mRNA expression of the HSP70 gene was significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) during the summer season compared to the winter and rainy seasons in Red Kandhari cattle. Additionally, expression levels were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) in the rainy season than in winter. These findings suggest that fluctuations in ambient temperature and humidity lead to increased HSP70 gene expression. Notably, during the summer, the elevated expression of heat shock proteins in Red Kandhari cattle appears to support cellular adaptability, enhance stress tolerance and maintain thermal homeostasis.

Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) m-RNA Expression Pattern during Different Seasons in Red Kandhari Cattle of India

Background: The effect of vitamin E and Selenium supplementation in diet of broiler chicken on growth performance and Heat shock protein70 (HSP70) level under summer heat stress was studied.

Methods: The current study was conducted on 240 day-old commercial broiler chicks, which were divided randomly into four treatment groups of 60 numbers, with three replicates of 20 in each group. The control (T0) group was allotted with basal diet, group T1 (basal diet + Vitamin E @ 100 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.2 mg/kg), T2 (basal diet + Vitamin E @ 125 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.25 mg/kg) and T3 (basal diet + Vitamin E @ 150 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg).

Result: In the present study, it has been found that, vitamin E and selenium supplementation in the diet of heat stressed broilers influenced the body weight (P=0.002), Body weight gain (P=0.001), Feed Intake (P=0.311) and BPEI (P=0.013) but not the Feed conversion ratio. Dietary vitamin E and Selenium supplementation increased the dressing percentage (P&lt;0.001), Breast meat yield percentage (P=0.004), Thigh yield percentage (P=0.018), Drum stick yield percentage (P=0.013) and decreased abdominal fat percentage (P=0.004) under heat stress. The Heat shock protein level was improved (P&lt;0.001) by dietary supplementation of vitamin E and Selenium under heat stress. The study indicated that growth performance, carcass characteristics and HSP70 level could be improved by dietary vitamin E and Selenium supplementation under heat stress.

Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performance and Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Summer Heat Stress

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of aspirin as anti-heat stressor. Broiler chicks were reared on a standard diet up to 14 days of age. Thereafter, the chicks were randomly distributed into three dietary treatment groups viz., T1 (Control group: Standard diet), T2 (Standard diet with aspirin@250 mg/kg) and T3 (Standard diet with aspirin@500 mg/kg). Each treatment was having five replicates of eight birds per replicate. Experiment was carried out during hot-dry (April-May, 30.0&plusmn;0.70 to 37.0&plusmn;1.40C, Rh, %: 58.05&plusmn;1.32 to 70.11&plusmn;0.82) summer. Feed intake and live weight gain was comparable among the treatments but FCR, protein and energy efficiency improved significantly (P&lt;0.001) on aspirin supplementation. The relative yield of thymus and bursa at 4th and 6th week of age improved significantly (P&lt;0.05). The percentage of protein, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) increased significantly (P&lt;0.001) due to aspirin supplementation at 4th as well as 6th week of age. While H:L ratio, serum corticosteron and serum cholesterol (only at 42nd day of age) decreased significantly (P&lt;0.001) in aspirin supplemented groups at 28th as well as 42nd day of age. Supplementation of aspirin at 500 mg/kg reduced relative expression of HSP70 in jejunum tissues during 28th or 42nd day of age. It can be concluded that aspirin supplementation 500 mg/kg in diet of heat stressed broilers improved performance as well as welfare.

Evaluation of aspirin (ASA) in broiler chicken during hot dry summer using zoo technical, molecular and physio-biochemical tools

Background: Escherichia coli&nbsp;is frequently associated with multiple antimicrobial resistances and a major cause of bacterial extraintestinal infections in livestock and humans. Escherichia coli&nbsp;resides in the lower digestive tract as harmless commensals but a subset of E. coli strains has acquired the ability due to acquisition of virulence and antibiotic genes, cause intestinal or extraintestinal diseases. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2020-2021, samples were taken from different localities of Bikaner district and surrounding are of Rajasthan. A total no. of 70 fecal samples were collected and immediately transferred to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology. In the laboratory, the collected samples were further processed for isolation and identification of E. coli bacteria. 
 
Result: Confirmation of E. coli was done using primary and biochemical test which are screened for hemolysin property, biofilm formation, antibiogram study and antibiotic resistance gene. All the isolates of E. coli used to show characteristic metallic sheen on EMB agar plate and excellent identification was done with VITEK 2 system. All the camel isolates shown partial hemolysis on sheep blood agarand 45.71% camel isolates were positive for biofilm formation. All these 70 E. coli isolates from camel were resistant to Penicillin (94.38%) which was followed by amoxicillin+sulbactam (85.71%), erythromycin (71.14%), cefixime+clavulanic acid (71.43%). Highest sensitivity to chloramphenicol (81.28%) followed by sulphadiazine (48.57%) and cotrimoxazole (48.28%). All these 70 isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance genes. On the basis of molecular screening of the antibiotic resistance genes, majority of the isolates carried BlaTEM gene in camel (56/70; 80%), followed by StrA (29/70; 41.40%), Sul-3 in (22/70; 31.42%), Sul-2 (18/70; 25.71%), aadA (28/70; 40%), tet(B) (22/70; 31.42%) isolates.

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Profiling of Escherichia coli isolates from Indian Camelus&nbsp;

<div>Background: Cowpea is one of the most important leguminous vegetable crops. It has a unique ability of biological nitrogen fixation and mobilization of insoluble soil nutrient and bringing qualitative changes in soil. The basic concept of integrated nutrient management system is to maintain of plant nutrients supply to achieve a good level of crop production by optimizing the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner, appropriate to each farming system. Considering these aspects, a field experiment was conducted to boost up productivity of cowpea seed. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season, 2015-16 at Research Field of the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh). The experiment was arranged in factorial randomized block design with twenty treatment combinations comprising four cowpea varieties, viz. V1-Pusa Sukomal, V2-Kashi Unnati, V3-Kashi Kanchan and V4-Kashi Shyamal and five integrated nutrient management (INM) practices, viz. N1-Vermicompost 2.5t + Rhizobium (10g/kg seeds) + PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (0 kg) + P2O5 (90 kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha; N2 -Vermicompost 2.5t + Rhizobium (10 g/kg seeds) + PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (15kg) + P2O5 (90kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha; N3 -Vermicompost 2.5t + Rhizobium (10 g/kg seeds) + PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (20 kg) + P2O5 (90 kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha; N4 -Vermicompost 2.5 t + Rhizobium (10 g/kg of seeds) +PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (25 kg) + P2O5 (90 kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha and N5-Vermicompost 2.5 t + Rhizobium (10 g/kg seeds) + PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (30 kg) + P2O5 (90 kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha. 
 
Result: In present experiment the cowpea variety V1-Pusa Sukomal recorded superior performance for growth attributes, yield and yield attributes and quality attributes. This variety had taken minimum days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering and days to harvesting. Among the nutrient levels, application of Vermicompost 2.5 t + Rhizobium (10 g/kg seeds) + PSB (10 g/kg seeds) + N (30 kg) + P2O5 (90 kg) + K2O (70 kg)/ha resulted in the highest growth parameters, yield and yield parameters of cowpea seed.</div>

Effect of Organic Selenium during HS in Broiler Chicken: The Interplay of HSP-70 and PGC-1α