<div>Background: Diseases involving urinary system are very common in dogs causing significant morbidity and mortality in dogs. Renal failure and urinary obstruction are frequently encountered in clinical cases. Early diagnosis and treatment increase the survival rate and decreases the chances of complications related to renal failure. The present study was conducted to evaluate haemato-biochemical alterations in dogs having urinary system dysfunction. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 38 dogs to observe the haemato-biochemical parameter changes in dogs suffering from obstructive and non-obstructive renal system affections as compared to healthy dogs. Various haemato-biochemical parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, TP, albumin and A:G ratio were evaluated. Qualitative analysis of urine was done using Multistix dip stick method. 
 
Result: In the present study the values of various haemato-biochemical parameters showed different pattern in both obstructive and non-obstructive renal diseases. Significant haematobiochemical changes reported in renal failure dogs were anemia, azotemia, increased alkaline phosphatase and AST values and decreased A:G ratio and in dogs with urinary obstruction the significant changes were uremia and leukocytosis. The results of the study suggested that the evaluation of various haemato-biochemical parameters help in diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of a renal disease.</div>

Haemato-biochemical Alterations in Obstructive and Non-obstructive Renal Diseases

<div>Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was made to find out the pathogen involvement and clinico-haemato-biochemical alteration in bitches affected with Pyometra. \ 
 
Methods: Twelve bitches with a history of inappetence, polydipsia, dirty vaginal discharge, occasional vomition irrespective of breeds and age groups were clinically examined and diagnosed as pyometra. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was based on case history, clinical signs, vaginal cytology, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography, gross examination of a pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Result: Vaginal examination revealed brown chocolate malodorous vaginal discharge with discolouration of the perivulval tissue. Abdominal ultrasound showed hyperplasia with echogenic material in the uterine wall along with distended uterine horns containing a large volume of cellular contents. Radiographic imaging revealed cranio-dorsal displacement of the small intestine and a twisted uniform tubular opacity with a distended uterus. The vaginal cytology revealed a large number of degenerated neutrophils, intermediate and parabasal cells. Escherichia coli were the major pathogen isolated from the pyometra uteri of bitches. The surface of the endometrium was columnar ciliated epithelium, with hyperplasia of subepithelial tissue and thick muscularis. The haemato-biochemical evaluation in pyometra infected bitches revealed decreased haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and lymphocyte count indicating the microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia. Leucocytosis with a predominant absolute neutrophilia and lymphocytosis were consistently found in canine pyometra. There was a significantly elevated profile of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase as well as total proteins observed in pyometric female dogs as compared to healthy ones which may have diagnostic and prognostic importance, which also indicated damage of vital organ caused by bacterial endotoxins. The haemato-biochemical indices correlating with imaging techniques, vaginal cytology and histopathological examination can serve as good prognostic markers in bitches with pyometra.</div>

Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Pathological Alteration of Pyometra in Canines

<div>Background: Rotaviruses cause acute diarrhoea, mostly in young puppies. Rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in dog is of great concern not only because of their high morbidity and mortality, but became of the reason that, they act as potential source of zoonotic infection and inter-species transmission. There is no report on rotavirus infection in dog from Assam. Therefore, there is a need to study the haemato-biochemical alterations in rotavirus infected dogs while treating such type of clinical cases.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 157 faecal and blood samples were collected from the dogs affected with gastroenteritis, registered at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Khanapara, Assam during November, 2020 to April, 2021. Diagnosis of rotavirus was done by RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR. Haematological study of the canine rotavirus (CRV) infected dogs were carried out with automated haematological cell counter and biochemical analysis was done with semi-automated biochemistry analyser using commercial kit.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Out of 157 samples, 8 samples were found positive for canine rotavirus by RNA-PAGE and 17 samples by RT-PCR. Haemato-biochemical alterations in canine rotavirus infected dogs revealed significant increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocyte, lymphocyte, AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine while significant decrease in TLC, neutrophil, total protein, serum sodium, potassium and chloride.</div>

Haemato-biochemical Alterations in Canine Rotaviral Enteritis of Dogs and its Management

<div>Background: Subacute ruminal acidosis is one of the most important nutritional diseases in cattle. The consequence of feeding excessive amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates in conjunction with inadequate fiber to ruminants leads to subacute ruminal acidosis. Cattles are at a high risk of developing SARA. The present research work was undertaken to study haemato-biochemical alterations in SARA affected cattle treated with different treatment regimens.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Present work was done to study the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate powder, Azadirachta indica (Neem) dried leaves powder and Saccharomyces cervisiae (Yeast) in sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in cattle. Out of 148 cattle screened, 24 (16.22%) were diagnosed as SARA, 13 (56.52%) animals were in mid stage of lactation followed by early and late lactation (5 cases, 21.74% each). 
 
Result: After sodium bicarbonate treatment, animals showed changes in various haemato-biochemical parameters. However decreased neutrophils and ALT was also observed. After treatment of Azadirachta indica reduction in lymphocyte and eosinophil count was seen.</div>

<div>A Study on Occurrence and Haemato-biochemical Alterations in SARA in Cattle Treated with Different Therapeutic Regimens</div>

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. infection is one of the most common problems that occurs in kids under first month of life.The prevalence of Cryptosporidium may vary from farm to farm and region to region, depending upon herd size and animal husbandry practices.In India, although cryptosporidiosis had been reported in goat kids but Cryptosporidium spp. infection, risk factors and haematobiochemical alterations in goats&nbsp; of Madhya Pradesh are least known. 
 
Methods: A total of 290 goats d&rdquo;12 month of age belonging to unorganized goatry farms, situated in and around Rewa district of the Madhya Pradesh were attended and rectal contents were collected in 5 ml sterile screw capped plastic cryo vials during March 2023 to April 2024. The samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the faecal smear by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) method at Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. To determine the haemato-biochemical parameters, 5 ml of blood samples were collected in aseptic condition from goats included in the study. 
 
Results: Out of 290 samples, twenty six (8.96%, 26/290) cases were tested positive for the Cryptosporidium oocysts. The highest prevalence was observed in kids below 1 month of age (14.6%). The Prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. was found higher in female goats (10.20 %) than male. The prevalence was found highest in goats belonged to dam of first parity (14.28%). Haematological observations in Cryptosporidium infected goats showed significantly (p&lt;0.05) lowered haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and lymphocyte percentage but significantly higher total leukocyte count, neutrophil and eosinophil percentage than the healthy goats. Biochemical studies revealed significant reduction in total serum protein, albumin and globulin values in the infected goats. 
&nbsp;

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Haemato-biochemical Alterations Associated with Naturally Occurring Cryptosporidium Spp. Infection in Goats

<div>Background: The principal cause of caprine enterotoxaemia is Clostridium perfringens type D which is normally resident in digestive tract and soil in fairly low numbers. Overeating of carbohydrate rich diet or sudden change in diet leads to proliferation of the bacteria and release of lethal toxins in intestine of the host. It causes sudden death in affected ruminants of different ages, though lambs of 3 to 10 weeks of age are highly susceptible. It causes sever enterocolitis with or without haemorrhagic diarrhoea and encephalitis resulting in acute nervous signs with a fatal outcome. 
 
Methods: Thirty goats of different breeds under 1-4 years age and both sex were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the neurological signs and diarrhoea were the subject of study. Faecal samples were collected from all these cases and tested on spot by immunochromatographic test kit to identify the Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin (ETX). Blood and serum samples were collected and subjected haemato-biochemical analysis. Peripheral blood smears were also collected to rule out haemoprotozoan infections in all the cases. 
 
Result: Epsilon toxin was detected from faecal samples of 36.6 per cent of the goats. Diarrhoea was the most consistent finding which is due to enterocolitis in acute cases. A significant increase (P&lt;0.001) in the neutrophils and leukocytes count and a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the levels of BUN, creatinine, glucose, ALP and chloride levels were observed. All the cases were treated with sulphadimidine at recommended dose with supportive therapy but no response was reported due to the fatal encephalitis.</div>

Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

<div>Background: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important disease of birds which is controlled largerly by vaccination with live attenuated vaccine. The virus is more pathogenic in birds above three &nbsp;weeks of age. The problem of immuno-suppression in birds is one of the leading cause of increase in incidences and intensity of already existing diseases and also of new emerging diseases. Vaccination being one of the important preventive measure for IBD has been implicated as a cause of immunosuppression in many instances. This study was designed to compare the haemato-biochemical and gross-histopathological observations after infection with field and vaccine strain in birds below and above three weeks of age. 
 
Methods: In birds below and above three weeks of age, field and vaccine strain of IBD virus was inoculated with subsequent study of haemato-biochemical and gross-histopathological changes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Results indicated that vaccine strain used in this study (IV-95 strain) caused a comparable damage with field strain. The bursal body weight index was not a good indicator for IBD pathogenicity. However, the clinical signs were dependent and could be correlated to aspects such as haemato-biochemical alterations, gross and histopathological lesions in organs other than bursa of Fabricius (BF). Bursal changes could not be correlated to clinical signs as the birds lacking frank clinical signs were equally suffering from bursal damage and depletion of lymphocytes. Hence attenuated intermediate invasive strain of vaccine was capable of damaging BF and may be responsible for immunosuppression.</div>

<div>Comparative Haemato-biochemical and Histopathological Studies in Birds Inoculated with Vaccine and Field Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus</div>

<div>Background: Colic is an important disease of horses. It is a multifactorial and complex disorder. Colic remains one of the common causes of death in horses therefore in present investigation, clinical and haemato-biochemical changes associated with GI colic in horses were studied.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total 105 horses were examined to study the clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters in colicky horses in southern part of Rajasthan.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Mean respiration rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time was found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control animals (P&lt;0.05). In haematological indices, mean packed cell volume was significantly increased in colic affected horses (P&lt;0.05) whereas mean total platelet count and mean lymphocyte count was found to be significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05). In serum biochemical indices, serum aspartate amino transferase, serum alanine amino transferase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum glucose, serum albumin, serum total protein, serum alkaline phosphate and blood lactate were found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control group (P&lt;0.05).</div>

Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Studies on Gastro-intestinal Colic in Horses

<div>Background: Pyometra is the most common genital affections observed in bitches around the globe in-spite of advancement of disease diagnosis and treatment. Paucity of available literature regarding pyometra in canines in Odisha prompted to undertake an in-depth analysis on determinants linked to epidemiology, haemato-biochemical, clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging in pyometra bitches. 
 
Methods: During the period 2019-20, a total of 148 bitches were screened for canine pyometra in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha on the basis of clinical signs, haematology and diagnostic imaging. Uterus was collected after ovario-hysterectomy and processed for histopathology through routine haematoxylin and eosin staining. 
 
Result: The overall incidence of pyometra was 15.54% with 4% mortality rate. Present study recorded a significant higher occurrence of pyometra in older bitches (&gt;7 year, 78.26%), smaller breeds like Spitz (47.82%), nulliparous bitches (60.86%) and dogs in dioestrus stage (82.60%). Haematological examinations revealed anaemia with marked leucocytosis and neutrophilia. There was significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP and BUN concentrations in affected bitches. Enlarged uterus with hypo echoic tubular structures containing mostly echogenic fluids were constant findings through ultrasonography. Flabby uterine horns with thick and corrugated endometrial wall containing profuse mucopurulent exudates were seen during necropsy. Chronic inflammatory response leading to intense haemorrhages and hyperaemia were constant microscopic changes. The most common isolated pathogen in canine pyometra was Escherechia coli (67.5%).</div>

​Pathomorphological, Haemato-biochemical and Diagnostic Imaging Studies in Canine Pyometra

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is common disorder of dogs that occur most frequently as a result of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease and pericardial diseases. An early diagnosis can be carried out through the use of specific diagnostic techniques such as x-rays, echocardiography etc. The goal of this study was to see if dogs with CHF go through any substantial alterations in their hematology or serum biochemistry. 
 
Methods: The current investigation was conducted during the period April, 2020 to April 2021 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Khanapara, Assam. Thirty four (n=34) dogs with CHF confirmed by echocardiography and eight (n=8) healthy dogs were considered for the study. Blood samples from all selected dogs were subjected to routine hematological and serum biochemical examination. 
 
Result: The hematological assessment revealed no significant alterations. During the course of the study, there were significant alterations in the serum biochemical parameters viz. LDH, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, total serum protein, albumin and albumin: globulin ratio. Findings of the study revealed that hematology and biochemistry were more useful in ruling out CHF or in identifying concurrent diseases than diagnosing CHF itself.</div>