<div><strong>Background:</strong> Nanotechnology is used in stem cell culture as well as in vivo delivery and tracking of stem cells. Graphene oxide (GO) is a carbon based nanomaterial and it has large surface area as well as good biocompatibility and heteroatoms doped GO exploit its properties. Hybrid GO (hGO) nano structures biocompatibility is depends on its size, dose and exposure time as well as in vitro cell models and hence, need thorough cytotoxicity studies in different species <em>in vitro</em> cell models.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) were isolated, characterized and dose dependent (100, 50, 25, 10 and 0&micro;g /ml) in vitro cytotoxicity of &nbsp;three different hGO nano structures (phosphorus doped graphene oxide titanium oxide tubes, rods and sheets) were &nbsp;analysed in caprine WJ-MSCs by studying cell cytotoxicity assays. &nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>All three hGO nano structures were damaged cell morphology at 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses, however, morphologically more good cells were observed in hGO tubes treated group than hGO rods and hGO sheets at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses as compared to control. Cell viability percentage was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at dose 100 &micro;g/ml and it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 &micro;g/ml dose as compared to 50, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. But, hGO tubes significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased cell viability % as compared to hGO rods and hGO sheets. Cell population doubling time (PDT) was not altered significantly by all hGO nano structures, but 100 and 50 &micro;g/ml doses significantly (P&lt;0.01)increased cell PDT as compared to 25, 10 and 0 &micro;g/ml doses. All hGO nano structures were non significantly altered growth curve, however, all hGO nano structures at 25 &micro;g /ml dose altered (inclined) shape of growth curve, while 100 and 50 &micro;g /ml doses significantly declined growth curve shape as compared to 10 and 0 &micro;g /ml doses. Cell proliferation % was significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased at 25 and 10 &micro;g/ml doses, while, it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at 100 &micro;g /ml dose as compared to 50 and 0 &micro;g /ml. However, there was no significance difference was observed in cell proliferation % in groups treated by different hGO nanostructures. In last, it was concluded as, hGO nano structures cytotoxicity was dose dependent and hGO nano tubes were least cytotoxic in caprine WJ-MSCs.&nbsp;</div>


<div><em>In vitro</em> Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton&rsquo;s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)</div>


<div>The rising global demand for food, coupled with the challenges of climate change, necessitates the adoption of advanced technologies to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. Precision agriculture, powered by innovative sensor technologies, is transforming farming by enabling real-time monitoring of crops, soil and environmental conditions. These sensors play a crucial role in optimizing resource utilization, improving yields and minimizing environmental impact. This paper explores key sensor technologies used in agriculture, including electrochemical sensors for plant health assessment, hyperspectral and multispectral sensors for crop analysis, infrared (IR) and LiDAR sensors for environmental mapping and soil moisture sensors for precision irrigation. Additionally, mechanical sensing technologies, temperature and humidity sensors (TMS) and biosensors, such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors, are examined for their role in disease detection, food safety and environmental monitoring. Despite advancements in agricultural sensors, no single manuscript comprehensively lists all materials used in their fabrication. This paper highlights the critical role of materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, conductive polymers and biocompatible composites, in improving sensor sensitivity, durability and efficiency that can be adapted for long-term agricultural applications. Furthermore, this review provides valuable insights into the role of advanced materials in agricultural sensor development, emphasizing the need for flexible, durable and highly sensitive plant sensors. This comprehensive analysis aims to guide researchers in developing next-generation agricultural sensors that enhance real-time monitoring, improve efficiency and promote sustainable farming practices.</div>


In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Hybrid Graphene Oxide (hGO) Nano Structures in Caprine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)

The Biophysics of Precision Agriculture: Smart Sensors and Materials for Sustainable Farming: A Review