<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Grapevine is an important perennial crop worldwide, consumed as fresh or dried (raisins) fruit. Grapevines are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses during their growth. Water shortage is one of the primary stressors and severely restricts the development of the grape industry. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a kind of beneficial soil microorganism, can create a symbiotic association with plant roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), which play a role in the regulation of plant growth. Methods: This research was accomplished in order to investigate the effect of 4 species mycorrhizal fungi on grapevine &lsquo;Asgari&rsquo; cultivar under water stress conditions. We use of 3 irrigation regime that consist: 100% (as control), 70 and 40 % of field capacity. As well as, mycorrhizal treatments include: non-use of mycorrhizal (NM) and use of mycorrhiza (M) (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, G. etunicatum and G. verciform).&nbsp; Result: The results indicated that shoot and root dry weight, pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), P, Mg2+ and Ca2+ under water limitation decreased but electrolyte leakage (EL), proline and total soluble sugars (TSS) increased chlorophyll content, RWC and nutrient (P, K+ and Ca2+) in M plants was higher than NM plants. Generally, the use of mycorrhiza fungi in this experiment reduced the harmful effects of water stress. Our results shown that G. verciform and G. etunicatum were better for symbiosis with &ldquo;Asgari&rdquo; grapevine under water limitation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Comparison of Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) on Vitis vinifera under Low Irrigation Conditions</div>

Background: The viticulture industry generates significant amounts of waste products, primarily grape pomace, consisting of seeds and peels. These byproducts pose a disposal challenge but hold immense potential as a valuable resource for animal feed formulation. This study explored the nutritional value of grape seed and peel extracts derived from Vitis vinifera L. (commonly grapevine) in the context of animal feed. 
 
Methods: Freeze drying preserved the integrity of these compounds, making it an attractive method for extraction. Freeze-dried grape seed and peel extract from grape pomace were orally administered to Wistar rats in 5 gm/250 ml dose for two weeks followed by two days washout period and various physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed to elucidate their potential pharmacological effects. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)&nbsp; been used to identify the metabolite compounds that helped to assess the mechanism of action of the metabolic pathways through enrichment analysis. 
 
Result: The potential benefits of incorporating these extracts into animal diets, including improved nutrient utilization, enhanced gut health and antioxidant activity are discussed. High feed efficacy proved the cellular growth and proliferation through body weight enhancement. The biochemical profile also align with NMR analysis that revealed the presence of Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), aligning with enrichment analysis findings. These findings indicate that grape seed and peel extracts possess valuable bioactive compounds, including terpinolene, lipoic acid and tocopherol, which can enhance animal health and feed utilization. 
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Comparison of Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) on Vitis vinifera under Low Irrigation Conditions

Valorization of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) by Products as Sustainable Nutrient Source in Livestock Feed Formulation