<div>Research on the use of fermented cacao seed skin waste (FCS) was carried out to determine dry matter, crude protein consumption and daily weight gain of local rams. Fifteen local rams aged 1.5 years with an initial body weight ranging from 14&ndash;20 kg were used for analyses. The local rams were grouped according to their initial body weight: K1 = 14&ndash;16 kg, K2 = 16&ndash;18 kg, K3 = 18&ndash;20 kg. Variables measured were dry matter and protein consumption, daily weight gain and feed conversion. The research method used a randomized block design. The treatments involved five levels of fermented cocoa FCS. Data analysis involved ANOVA and Duncan&rsquo;s test. The results demonstrated a significant effect on dry matter and crude protein consumption (P &lt;0.01) and of daily weight gain (P&lt;0.05) but no significant effect with respect to feed conversion (P&gt; 0.05). The highest consumption of dry matter and protein in the P1 treatment and the highest daily weight gain for local rams was obtained in the P3 treatment. Hence, it was concluded that fermented cocoa seeds can replace up to 75% of field grass for sheep feed purposes.</div>


<div>Evaluating Fermentation of Cacao Seed Waste (<em>Theobroma cacao</em> L.) in Feed Toward Consumption of Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Average Daily Gain of Local Sheep Rams</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">To explore the effect of kisspeptin on in vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes under different hormonal combinations. For the present study, Kp@10 &micro;g/ml was selected as optimum by assessing the proportion of Cumulus Cell Expansion (CCE) and extrusion of 1st polar body (PB) from the earlier study conducted. Media containing TCM 199 (supplemented with Gentamicin) and oocytes were used as control. Overall, oocytes were allowed to mature in 12 different maturation media viz., Control (T1), Kp at 10 &micro;g/ml (T2), FSH alone (T3), FSH +Kp &nbsp;(T4), LH (T5), LH +Kp (T6), E2 (T7), E2+Kp (T8), FSH+LH+E2 (T9), FSH+LH+E2+Kp (T10), FSH+LH+E2+FCS+BSA (T11) and FSH+LH+E2+FCS+BSA+Kp (T12), incubated at 38.5&deg;C and 5% CO2 under humidified atmosphere for 22 hours. The results showed significantly (P &pound; 0.5) higher percentages of CCE and PB in groups supplemented with Kp (T4, T6, T8, T10 and T12,) compared to control (T1) and other treatment groups supplemented with individual hormones either alone (T3, T5 and T7) or combination of hormones (T9) and IVM alone (T11). Therefore, it has been clearly demonstrated that addition of Kp (10 &micro;g/ml) to FSH, LH, E2 supplemented media, in various combinations enhances buffalo oocyte maturation rates in vitro.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Kisspeptin on <em>in vitro</em> Maturation of Buffalo Oocytes</div>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> The study was conducted to compare the development of goat embryos in simple media with BSA and complex culture media supplemented with serum on the development of goat embryos. Also, studied the effect of oviductal cell co-culture on the developmental competence of goat oocytes.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The A and B quality goat oocytes subjected to in vitro maturation in TCM 199 + 10% FCS + FSH + Estradiol for 24 hours in a CO<sub>2</sub> incubator (6% CO<sub>2</sub>) at 38.5&deg;C. The oocytes that exhibited cumulus expansion subjected to in vitro fertilization in 1) BO - IVF and 2) TALP-fertilization media supplemented with heparin. The cleavage percent found significantly higher in BO-IVF (66.66%) compared to TALP- fertilization media (42.07%). After 18 hours of sperm-oocyte incubation, the presumptive zygotes from BO-IVF media divided randomly into 3 groups and cultured in one of the following 3 media, group 1) CR1aa media; group 2) BO-IVC media and group 3) TCM-199 + 10% FBS.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The cleavage percentage was significantly higher (P&gt;0.05) in BO-IVC media than CR1aa media and TCM-199 media (72.32, 64.35 and 35.23 percent respectively). The blastocyst development observed significantly higher (P&gt;0.05) in CR1aa compared to commercial BO-IVC media and TCM-199 media (9.23, 5.55, and 4.05 percent, respectively). Among the different media compared, CR1aa and BO-IVC media were effective for supporting the development of goat zygotes to the morula and blastocyst stages than those obtained when a complex TCM-199 medium used with serum supplementation. The effect of oviductal cell co-culture on the developmental competence of goat oocytes studied. The blastocyst development rate found higher in CR1aa + oviductal and TCM- 199 + oviductal cells as compared to CR1aa and TCM-199 alone.</p>


Evaluating Fermentation of Cacao Seed Waste (Theobroma cacao L.) in Feed Toward Consumption of Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Average Daily Gain of Local Sheep Rams

Effect of Kisspeptin on in vitro Maturation of Buffalo Oocytes

Comparative Efficiency of Different Culture Media on in vitro Embryonic Development of Goat Oocytes