<div style="text-align: justify;">The objective of the present study was to determine the bacterial and fungal agents accompanying with cutaneous lesions of dogs suffering from Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). Sterile swap samples were taken from cutaneous lesions inspected of ears, dorsal, collar, pectoral, inguinal and interdigital spaces of 20 dogs, &nbsp;in which diagnosis were based on a combination of clinical symptoms, anti-leishmania antibody titers by use of Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and dogs were further classified according to the Leishvet Guidelines involving serological, hematological, serum biochemical, and urinalysis. Swap samples were inoculated to culture media for isolation and identification of bacterial and mycotic agents. 48 Staphylococcus aureus, 4 Bacillus cereus, 8 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24 Candida albicans, 24 Microsporium canis and 4 Aspergillus niger were isolated and identified in both group of dogs. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility test, the isolates were found 100% susceptible to cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 53% &nbsp;to danofloxacin, 46% of the isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, and all of the isolates were &nbsp;resistant (100%) to penicillin G and gentamicin. In conclusion, the antibacterial and antifungal therapy should be provided in accordance with antibiotic susceptibility tests in skin lesions of dogs suffering with CVL.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Investigation of bacterial and fungal agents from cutaneous lesions in canine Leishmaniasis</div>

<p style="text-align:justify">Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a bacterial disease, the causative agent of which is <em>Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides</em>. The CBPP disease is one of important disease to be given attention because it is causing heavy mortality in bovines all over the world with African continent being hardly hit due to vagaries of bacteria. Air droplets is primary source of infection. Colonization in lower respiratory tract, <em>Mmm</em> invades arteries cause vasculitis. Many pathways of <em>Mmm</em> organism to cause destruction in host animal, presence of Gts ABC is one such mechanism. In CBPP we see pulmonary sequestra in chronic cases, severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion during the acute to subacute phases. For confirmatory diagnosis, laboratory investigation and use of molecular techniques is recommended. Isolation of causative agent is also optimal method for diagnosis. The use of danofloxacin, tetracycline, flufenicol etc have been documented with varying degree of efficiency. Control over movement of bovine species, adequate space (where droplet spread is prevented) for each animal and vaccination are recommendatory steps. Though India has been declared CBPP free in 2007 we still need cautious approach and continue surveillance because north east of India seems very vulnerable to CBPP. Also, the fact that animal husbandry and agriculture drive economy of some of our most populous states it is all the more important that we give due consideration and focus on CBPP.</p>

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Investigation of bacterial and fungal agents from cutaneous lesions in canine Leishmaniasis

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Review