<div>Background: The genetic diversity information of local cattle and crossbred in South Sulawesi, Indonesia is essential for the establishment of conservation and breeding strategies. This research targeted to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of local and crossbred (CB) cattle. 
 
Methods: The present research organized at the Animal Laboratory, Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, Indonesia from February to October 2021. The genome was isolated from 20 whole blood samples from seven purebreed belongs to Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center Malang, Indonesia, four crossbred in Gowa and nine crossbred in Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Partial sequences of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were amplified employing the polymerase chain reaction technique.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This study revealed that a lot of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in local cattle (Bali and Peranakan Ongole) and CB cattle in Gowa and Sidrap indicated various genetic diversity can be used as a marker candidate and potential to be developed into future research knowing the correlation of the SNP with the growth rate of CB. Thus, this information will be helpful for further strategy in breeding development program.</div>

Genetic Diversity of Crossbred Cattle using Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Gene in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

<div style="text-align: justify;">Southeastern Anatolia is the richest region in Turkey in terms of scorpion fauna. In this region, a number of studies on the fauna of scorpions, as well as epidemiology and clinical findings of scorpion stings in terms of public health, have been carried out, but there is no study on the phylogenetic relationships between species. In this study, 18 individuals of three species were collected from five locations. Sequence analysis was conducted by amplification of a 546 base region from part of mtDNA COI region. Six polymorphic regions and four haplotypes were determined for A. crassicauda, a species important for humans and mean haplotype and nucleotide variations were 0.602 and 0.00555 respectively. Sequences from all individuals were subjected to the blast tool of the NCBI database and assessed with close species, so a phylogenetic tree was formed. On the tree, samples from &THORN;anl&yacute;urfa and Diyarbak&yacute;r were on different branches while the sample from Iran (HM567333) was on a branch from the other two. The species that was the closest to Scorpio maurus from Batman (KF953944) was the sample from Diyarbak&yacute;r. Because there was no other sequence for Buthacus macrocentrus, it was located close to the Buthacus sp. (KF548116) sample. As a result, the locations of sample species were determined as a result of phylogenetic analyses.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I-sequence variation in three scorpion species from southeast Turkey&nbsp;</div>

<div>Oxalate oxidase enzyme in monocotyledonous plants, act as a scavenger to breakdown oxalic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. They perform several important functions in early plant defence responses, including induction of PR protein synthesis and systemic resistance. In the present study oxalic acid, the virulence factor of fungi, was applied to monocotyledonous plants and it was observed that it activates the innate host immune system, along with secretion of oxalate oxidase. The enzymatic activities of other host defence related enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid oxidase, phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase were compared between the control and oxalic acid treated (2mM) plants.</div>

<div>Study of Germin Like Oxalate Oxidase Enzyme in Monocot Plants</div>

This study was designed to analyze genetic variation between Indian peafowl available at different locations by targeting the Cytochrome b gene. A total of ten birds (n=10) were selected randomly for sample collection. Five birds were selected from Government sector and five from private breeding farms. DNA was extracted, purified and measured by using Nano drop. Extracted DNA was amplified using universal primers targeting Cytochrome b gene on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR product was run on a gel for the desired DNA bands. DNA from gel was eluted and sent for sequencing. The sequences were compared with a reference reported sequence of cyt b gene of Indian peafowl with Accession No. L08379.1to find out the genetic diversity. Indian peafowl of government sector showed more similarity &sup3;95% rather than bird of private sector with &sup3;90% homology with reference Accession No. More genetic variation, which is the guarantee of resistance to disease and environmental fitness among the Indian peafowl at private sector, might be due to random reproductive behavior. &nbsp;

Phylogenetic analysis based studies on genetic variation of Cytochrome b gene of Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in Pakistan

<div>Background: Herbal medicines are often used to stimulate the immune system in an attempt to prevent disease, as well as to induce specific cures. The use of phyto medicines is becoming more scientifically based, with increasing emphasis placed on proven product safety and efficacy.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study, the leaves of Vitex trifolia were extracted with distilled water, 1M Na2CO3 and 70% methanol. The extracted contents were screened to identify the presence of various phytochemicals. The contents of Na2CO3 and methanol were filtered, centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. The supernatant of Na2CO3 extract was collected and the alkaloid layer was separated in a separating funnel using alcohol. The contents were analysed for thin layer chromatography and phytochemical constituents. 
 
Result: Thin layer chromatography was performed at 360 nm the Rf value were 0.953, 0.230, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 and in 240 nm Rf values 0.953, 0.338, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 were obtained. The methanol extract was condensed at 40oC and dissolved in chloroform. Rf at 360 nm of 0.714, 0.396, 0.158 and at 240 nm with Rf values 0.714, 0.492, 0.349. The activity of extracts on Xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase were estimated and the inhibition percentage of all the three was calculated as 59.34, 61.23, 71.02 and 51 respectively. The values obtained with flavanoid extracts for the same set of enzymes were 70.22, 81.48, 94.8 and 74.36 respectively. In this study, inhibition properties of flavanoid extracts were greater than that of alkaloid extracts.</div>

Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents from the Leaves of Vitex trifolia in the Inhibition of Lipoxygenase, Cyclooxygenase, Tyrosinase and Xanthine Oxidase

<div>To investigate the relationship between the energy strategies in response to food restriction and the levels of metabolism in small mammals, body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were measured in Apodemus chevrieri that were subjected to different levels of food restriction (FR). The results showed that cold-exposed group had significantly increased RMR and NST, but decreased body mass and survival rate after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake compared with their counterparts maintained at room temperature. A. chevrieri with higher RMR consumed higher food intake than individuals with lower RMR, whereas no differences were observed in body mass and survival rate between two groups after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. The results suggest that A. chevrieri characterized by higher levels of metabolism are sensitive to periods of FR, providing a support for the &ldquo;metabolism switch hypothesis&rdquo;.</div>

<div>Effects of food restriction on energy metabolism in male Apodemus chevrieri from Hengduan mountain region of China</div>

<div>Background: Harike wetland (31&deg;08&cent; N to 31&deg;23&cent; N latitudes and 74&deg;90&cent; E to 75&deg;12&cent; E longitudes) is an internationally important Ramsar site, supports rare, vulnerable and endangered plants, fish and other faunal species. Weed infestation, pollution and encroachment are considered as important threats of its biota thus time series data with respect to fish diversity, catch composition and genetic variability has an utter importance to interpret changes over time. Cyprinidae family of freshwater fishes includes carps is the largest fish family found in Harike wetland comprising around 50% of total fish composition by weight basis and among carps, Rohu (Labeo rohita) is one of the commercially important food fish species available throughout the year and preferred by consumers. As river Beas and Sutlej, two major rivers of Indus river system confluence at Harike thus possibility of variation within fish stock is very high. With this background present study was carried out to evaluate the fish biodiversity and catch composition of Harike wetland. Study also emphasized on biometrics, length &ndash;weight relationship and genetic diversity based on mitochondrial marker genes of commercially important food fish Labeo rohita. 
 
Methods: Assessment of fish catch composition and diversity were conducted in landing centre adjacent to Harike wetland through Rapid Fisheries Assessment by Market Survey (RFAMS) technique. Fin tissue samples were collected for genetic diversity analysis of L. rohita by cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing, From the fish genomic DNA a partial fragment of approximately 655bp was PCR amplified by FishF1 (5&#39;-TCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3&#39;) and FishR1 (5&#39;-TCGACTAATCATAAAGATATCGGC AC-3&#39;) primer pair. &nbsp;Calculation of intraspecific mean and pairwise distances was performed by MEGA 6.0 software using the K2P parameters 
 
Result: Total 30 species of fishes were recorded from Harike wetland and these belong to 14 families and 21 genera. In L. rohita average weight (Wt), total length (TL), standard length (SL) and forked length (FL) were recorded 2600&plusmn;5.64g (1700-3600 g), 58.2&plusmn;5.65 cm (51.3-67.6cm), 48.0&plusmn;8.54 cm (42.5-55.5cm) and 46.0&plusmn;0.25 cm (38.0-54.5cm), respectively. &nbsp;Biometric study revealed that sufficient numbers of mature L. rohita are available in wetland. L. rohita established negative algometric growth (b= 2.701); thus species became slender as it increased in length. The pairwise distances ranged from 0.00 to 18.49% with a mean &plusmn;S.E value of 4.70%&plusmn;0.40. Total of 9 haplotypes were observed in L. rohita COI sequences. The diversity in haplotype and nucletide values were observed 0.848 and 0.024, respectively. The present study states that L. rohita stocks in Harike wetland are genetically diverse.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Study on Biometric Parameters and Genetic Diversity of Labeo rohita from Harike Wetland-A Ramsar Site</div>

<div>Background: Parasitoid wasps have received a great share of heed in the biological control of pests. However, they are often difficult to identify because of their small body size and profound diversity. In this view, biodiversity indices of parasitic fauna was reckoned and proper identification of those biocontrol agents were done through morphological and molecular technique such as DNA barcoding. 
 
Methods: Biodiversity indices of parasitoid of Groundnut Leafminer (GLM), Aproaerema modicella Deventer were reckoned for three agroclimatic zones viz., Irrigated Eastern zone (IE), Rainfed zone (R) and Irrigated Western zone (IW) of Tamil Nadu. Biodiversity indices viz., Relative density, Simpson&rsquo;s Index, Shannon-Wiener Index, Pielou&rsquo;s Evenness Index, Margalef Index and Beta diversity were assessed for the parasitic fauna associated with GLM. Apart from this, morphological characterization of prominent parasitoids were done with the help of available literatures and taxonomic experts. The molecular characterization of parasitoids were done using mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (mtCOI). 
 
Result: The relative density of parasitoid families and species indicated the dominance of braconidae and Chelonus blackburni Cameron. Among the agroclimatic zones, rainfed zone had higher species diversity, richness and evenness. In addition, the morphological and molecular confirmation revealed that the parasitoids associated with A. modicella as Temelucha spp., Stenomesius japonicus, Bracon hebetor, Sympiesis dolichogaster, Chelonus blackburni and Avga choaspes. The amplified sequences were submitted to NCBI database and accession numbers were obtained.</div>

<div>Assessment of Diversity Indices and DNA Barcoding of Parasitic Fauna Associated with Groundnut Leafminer (GLM), Aproaerema modicella Deventer (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)</div>

<div>Background: Porcine cysticercosis, caused by Cysticercus cellulosae a larval stage of adult Taenia solium, is a zoonotic parasitic disease where pigs harbour intermediate stage&nbsp; and human being acts as a definite host. The people of north eastern region of India are mostly non-vegetarian and consumption of pork is very much preferred by the people of this region. Hence,it is essential to detect C. cellulosae infections in pork. But traditional method of detection of C. cellulosae by post mortem examination of pork has disadvantages like need of expert and may be over lookedin case of light infections. Molecular diagnosis have been reported to be highly specific and sensitive for its diagnosis. Keeping in view of the above, the present study on molecular detection of&nbsp; larval cestode C. cellulosae of pigs was undertaken. A study on phylogenetic relation of C. cellulosae of pigs or human Taenae solium of this region was done to know its relation with other parts of the world, as not yet done so far.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 654 pig carcasses in 17 market places of three prime districts of state Arunachal Pradesh, India were examined to detect Cysticercus cellulosae of pigs. The cysticerci samples were obtained manually from the infected muscles and organs of the infected pigs that were preserved in phosphate buffer saline until DNA extraction. Stool samples of human patients who attended out-patient department (OPD) of Community Health Centers, Nursing homes and District etc. of study area of Aunachal Pradesh, India were collected randomly and examined by salt flotation technique for the presence of T. solium eggs. The segments of tapeworm voided by patientswere then identified for species identification and T. solium segments were collected in normal saline solutions (NSS) after clearing the debris and faecal materials. Genomic DNA extraction from 3-4 numbers of cysticerci and T. solium segments collected from affected human being were extractedusing a spin column kit (D Neasy tissue kit: QUIGEN).The technique polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with published primers were used for molecular detection of C. cellulosae and to get molecular (PCR) products of T. solium for further study. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome b oxidase subunit was amplified by PCR. The PCR products were purified, sequenced and phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. 
 
Result: The present study recorded a PCR amplification of cytochrome b oxidase genes with a definite product size of 1068 bp from DNA extracted from C. cellulosae and T. solium. The product size obtained from C. cellulosae will be helpful for meat inspection by molecular detection of&nbsp; C. cellulosae infections in pork. The present finding signifies that the same genomic isolate of both the larval cestode and adult parasite of T. solium is prevailing in the study areas. The neighbors-joining phylogenic tree shows close similarity of the present isolates with that prevailing in other South East Asian countries and thus it can be assumed from the present finding that the same genotypic isolate of T. solium parasite is prevalent in the whole of South East Asian region.</div>

​Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genotype of Larval Cestode Cysticercus cellulosae of Pigs and Taenia solium of Man

Background: Edible bird&rsquo;s nests (EBN) are highly nutritious and valued food for their numerous health benefits. Consequently, their high economic value and increasing global consumption demand for EBN have contributed to a rise in counterfeited food issue. Currently, the common method for identifying the origin of edible bird nests is the DNA barcoding PCR-based technique because of the limitations of morphological identification methods; however, the primers currently used for PCR face specific challenges in amplifying DNA from edible bird nests. Thus, newly designed primers are necessary. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study aims to redesign primers from the DNA barcode sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I (COI), NADH dehydrogenase subunit II (ND2), cytochrome b (Cyt-b) and the nuclear gene &acirc;-fibrinogen intron 7 (Fib7) of Swiftlet belonging to the Aerodramus genus. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Four primer pairs AeroCOIf/AeroCOIr, AeroND2f/AeroND2r, AeroCytbf/AeroCytbr Cyt-b gene and AeroFib7f/AeroFib7r were designed successfully amplifying DNA from Aerodramus spp. The resulting amplicon sizes were 157 bp for COI, 150 bp for ND2, 130 bp for Cyt-b and 173 bp for Fib7 with the optimal annealing temperature of 60oC. For the result of the primers sensitivity investigation, the AeroCOIf/AeroCOIr, AeroND2f/AeroND2r, AeroCytbf/AeroCytbr and AeroFib7f/AeroFib7r primers was able to detect DNA concentration at 15x10-4&nbsp;ng/&micro;L, 15 ng/&micro;L, 15x10-3&nbsp;ng/&micro;L and 15 ng/&micro;L, respectively. These results demonstrate that these new primers could effectively amplify DNA from EBN belonging to Aerodramus spp.