<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Rice blast disease due to Pyricularia oryzae fungus is one of the most destructive ones for rice, causing serious losses in yield and quality in Vietnam and other countries. Studying to develop new fungicides to control the fungal disease effectively is essential. Methods: The sodium alginate-stabilized Cu-Cu2O nanocolloidal solution with a size of about 4 nm and the Cu concentration of 5,000 mg/L was prepared by chemical method. The antifungal activity in vitro against P. oryzae and the ability to control the rice blast disease in the greenhouse of nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate were assessed. Result: The nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate exhibited highly fungal activity with the IC50 of 17.8 mg Cu /L. The disease severity of nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate treatments was in the range of 9.38 - 18.54% in comparison with 47.57% of the untreated control. The grain yield of rice plants treated with nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate increased compared with that of the untreated control, and the Cu content in polished rice was almost the same as that of usually cultured polished rice. Thus, the nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate can be used in agriculture as a plant fungicide, especially for rice cultivation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Study on Antifungal Activity and Ability Against Rice Leaf Blast Disease of Nano Cu-Cu2O/Alginate</div>

<div>Background: Microelements are essential for the reproduction of goats; short-term energy supplementation also improves the estrus and ovulatory response to estrus synchronization. The influence of supplementation of cantaloupe leftover and/or copper sulphate on the reproductive response of anovulatory adult goats on rangeland was evaluated.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Sixty-seven mixed-breed adult goats were divided into four experimental groups: Control (C, n=16), without cantaloupe or Cu supplementation; Copper group (Cu, n=17), supplemented with 1 mL of copper sulphate at 2.5%; Cantaloupe group (Ca, n=17), supplemented with 200 g of Cucumis melo and&nbsp;Cu and cantaloupe group (Ca-Cu, n=17), supplemented with 1 mL of copper sulphate+200 g of Cucumis melo. Estrus of goats was synchronized and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was applied. 
 
Result: There was an increase in ovulation rate for the Ca-Cu goats when compared to C (1.93 vs 1.46, respectively). Also, embryo losses decreased for Ca-Cu goats compared to C, Cu and Ca (13 vs. 42.33%, p&lt;0.05). It was concluded that the combined supplementation of cantaloupe leftovers and Cu could be an alternative to increase the ovulation rate and decrease embryo losses, a frequent reproductive problem in goats on rangeland.</div>

Effect of Supplementation with Dehydrated Cucumis melo and Copper on Reproductive Performance of Goats on Rangeland

Background: The aim of our work is to assess the impact of copper-contaminated soil on tomato fruit and soil organisms. Excessive use of copper-based pesticides has many consequences for soil biology and food quality.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Our study was carried out in a section of a tomato plot in the Mostaganem region of northern Algeria. The plot was contaminated with copper, at different doses D1 (10 mg Cu Kg-1), D2 (100 mg Cu Kg-1), D3 (200 mg Cu Kg-1) and D4 (300 mg Cu Kg-1) in separate blocks. The concentrations of copper and carbohydrates and the homogeneity of the wells were assessed in order to determine the quality of the tomatoes in relation to the levels of soil contamination. Furthermore, the respiratory activity of the microorganisms and the feeding activity of the soil fauna were assessed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The highest copper concentrations were 1.5&plusmn;0.17 mg Cu Kg-1 and 2.05&plusmn;0.3 mg Cu Kg-1&nbsp; in the sites contaminated by the highest doses D3 and D4 and the highest carbohydrate concentrations were 53.03&plusmn;1.38 g kg-1 and 61.15&plusmn;0.65 g kg-1 in these two sites. Microbial respiration values were lowest in D3, with 8.3.10-4 &plusmn; 3.6.10-4 mg CO2 g-1 h-1 and in D4, with 1.5.10-3 &plusmn;1.4.10-4 mg CO2 g-1 h-1. In addition, wildlife feeding activity was low at both sites, with values of&nbsp; 27.56&plusmn;17.77 % for the D3 site and 37.5&plusmn;17.48 % for the D4 site. Our study has shown that copper contamination of soils affects the biological activities of soil organisms.

Study of the Impact of Copper on Soil Organisms and Tomato Quality

<div>The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary copper supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and copper metabolism in fattening pigs. A total of 24 pigs (Landrace X Large White X Duroc) with an average initial BW of 30&plusmn;1.05 kg, the pigs were divided into four treatment groups, with three replicates per treatment and two pigs per replicate, in accordance with a completely randomized design based on the BW. The results indicated that dietary copper supplementation increased the growth performance, CP and EE digestibility. However, there was no significant increase in the DM and OM digestibility. In addition, copper deposition increased with the increase in dietary copper supplementation, while copper absorption, increased with the decrease in dietary copper levels. In conclusion, fattening pigs with 30-60 kg BW can utilize 45-135 mg/kg Cu and porkers at BW of 60-120 kg can also utilize 10-45 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 for an increased copper utilization and a decreased in copper deposition.</div>

<div>Effect of dietary copper levels on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in fattening pigs</div>

<div>Background: Copper (Cu), an essential trace element, is toxic if consumed in excessive amounts. Ruminants, particularly sheep, are highly susceptible to chronic copper poisoning and cause acute death. Spontaneous copper poisoning in sheep was reported from many parts of the world however limited reports are available from India. Hence the present investigation was undertaken to report the occurrence of chronic copper poisoning in an intensively maintained Pattanam breed of sheep flock and its therapeutic management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An investigation was carried out to ascertain the possible cause of increased mortality in an intensively maintained 130 male lambs aged between 8 to 10 month old belongs to Pattanam breed during the month of September 2020 following death of 21 animals within a period of 15 days. Affected flock was inspected and samples were collected for biochemical analysis, toxicological, bacteriological and pathological examination. 
 
Result: Affected animals showed depression, anorexia, jaundice, hemoglobinurea and accelerated breathing. At necropsy, the dead animals showed generalized icterus, lung edema, yellow to orange coloured liver and gun metal kidney. Histopathological lesions include lung edema, centrilobular hepatic necrosis, bile stasis, renal tubular necrosis and formation of tubular cast. Toxicological analysis of liver revealed the copper level of 781 mg/kg dry matter basis. Source of copper was identified as a commercial mineral mixture supplement intended for cattle was supplemented along with concentrate feed. The flock was treated with chelating agent (D-penicllamine) and supportive therapies.</div>

<div>Spontaneously Occurring Chronic Copper Toxicosis in Pattanam Breed of Sheep</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background:&nbsp;Copper and zinc in animal diets significantly impact livestock productivity. Zinc is not stored in the body and must be supplemented regularly to maintain optimal immuno-physiological function in animals. Many factors restrict the bioavailability of zinc and its absorption in the intestine. Cu deficiency is common in feed ingredients. Feeding copper levels in the diet is also essential for immune system optimization since copper inhibits the development of metabolic and oxidative stress in dairy cows.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Experimental animals (n=18) were equally divided into three groups with an average body weight 29 kg. T0 was control group with basal diet, T1 group supplemented with copper sulphate (100 mg/goat/day+Basal diet) and T2 group supplemented with zinc oxide (40 mg/goat/day+Basal diet) for 90 days. Blood samples were collected at fortnight intervals and estimated using standard protocols. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase were significantly higher in zinc supplemented group followed by copper supplemented group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly lower in the zinc and copper supplemented groups compared to control group. Glucose concentration showed no significant change. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the copper supplemented group. Total proteins, albumin and triglycerides were significantly higher in the zinc supplemented group than in other groups.</div>

Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidants and Biochemical Status of Osmanabadi Goats

Background: Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Selenium (Se) are three trace elements whose deficiency can predispose sheep to various diseases, foot rot being the most common. This study aimed to assesses the link between Cu, Zn and Se levels and foot rot in the S&eacute;tif region of Algeria and to establish a prophylactic and therapeutic scheme to correct deficiencies. 
 
Methods: Conducted at the &ldquo;the Khababa Abdelwahab&rdquo; experimental farm (Setif, Algeria), the study involved tow experiments. Experiment 1 measured serum Cu, Zn and Se in 37 Ouled Djellal sheep (15 healthy, 12 stage 2, 10 stage 3) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experiment 2 evaluated Thespophor Oligo (oral Cu/Zn) and Sodiferol (injectable Se) in 15 stage 1 cases. Treatments were administrated over several days, repeated after 30 days and serum trace elements retested. Data were analyzed using t-tests, Bonferroni correction, repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation, with significance set at P&lt;0.05 (adjusted to 0.0167 for multiple comparisons). 
 
Result: In foot rot-affected sheep, severity was associated with a marked selenium and zinc decrease and a pronounced copper increase especially at stage 3. Treatment corrected selenium deficiency but not zinc deficiency or copper excess. Hypercupremia appears linked to metabolic or inflammatory disturbances and mineral imbalance.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Association between Copper, Selenium and Zinc Levels and Foot Rot in Sheep: The Case of S&eacute;tif Region

<div>Background: Copper supplementation in ruminants deserves special attention because of the narrow margin between deficiency and toxicity. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the Cu concentration and other blood parameter values having taken into consideration their physiological limits based on the variation of copper concentration in the three different sheep breeds.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Sixty sheep (35&plusmn;5 kg) kept on the same farm were studied: the Suffolk (n = 20), the Merino (n = 20) and the Lithuanian blackhead (n = 20). The sheep were selected according to the following parameters:&nbsp;3.5&plusmn;0.3 years old, not pregnant during the entire investigation period, clinically healthy. All sheep were kept under the same conditions and throughout the year, were fed at the same time the same ration balanced according to their physiological needs. Individual blood samples were collected on the same day, on monthly basis for the period of one year (April 2018 to May 2019). Blood biochemical parameters as well blood haematology and cortisol concentration were analysed. 
 
Result: The highest average value of copper concentration was found in the Merino breed. The study has shown that the lowest number of blood samples with the levels of copper meeting the physiological limit values was found in the native Lithuanian blackhead sheep at the end of the grazing period and in the Merino and the Suffolk breeds - during the coldest winter months. The increase in copper concentration could be related to the stress caused due to the changes in dietary conditions, the variations of ambient temperature and different breed response to these factors.</div>

<div>The Impact of Breed, Testing Time and Metabolic Profile on the Variation of Copper Concentration in Sheep Blood Serum</div>

<div>Background: Copper (Cu) is an essential trace mineral for growth, production and health of poultry. Due to its poor absorption from inorganic source which is common supplemental form, large amount of Cu is excreted in the excreta. This experiment was conducted to assess the bioavailability of Cu from organic and nano sources at lower level of supplementation to reduce the excretion level without compromising the growth performance of chicken. 
 
Methods: A total of 420-day-old Giriraja chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatment groups having 4 replicates each (15 chicks per replicate). The basal diets of both chick (0-6 weeks) and grower phases (7-10 weeks) were supplemented with 20 and 30 ppm of Cu from inorganic source as control (T1), the groups T2, T3 and T4 supplemented with 100, 75 and 50% of control from organic Cu, T5, T6 and T7 treatment diets supplemented with 75, 50 and 25% of control from Cu nanoparticles, respectively. 
 
Result: The grower phase and cumulative body weight gain was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 compared to T1, T6 and T7 groups, while the feed intake in chick phase was lower in T2, T5 and T7 groups as compared to T1, T3, T4 and T6. The chick phase feed conversion ratio was significantly (p&lt;0.05) better in T2 and T5 groups compared to T1, T3, T4, T6 and T7, whereas the cumulative FCR was better in T2 and T5 compared to T6 and T7 groups, while it was not affected during grower phase. The dry matter and crude protein metabolizability were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 and T5, the organic matter and ether extract metabolizability was higher only in T5. The crude fiber and nitrogen free extract was not affected by the treatment diets. Nitrogen excretion was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower and its retention was higher in T2 and T5 treatment groups but was comparable with control. The Cu excretion through excreta was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher and its retention was lower in control as compared to all dietary treatments. Hence, it was concluded that the Cu supplementation from organic or nanoparticles form can be reduced by 50 and 75% of standard, respectively without compromising the growth performance of birds and nutrient digestibility of diets.</div>

Effect of Reduced Dietary Copper Levels Sourced from Organic and Nanoparticles Forms on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Giriraja Birds

Background: Diesel power plants (DPP) are crucial for energy production but can significantly impact the environment through the release of heavy metals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Pollutants originating from diesel combustion, lubricating oils and waste disposal often accumulate in sediments and aquatic ecosystems, posing risks to environmental health. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study aims to evaluate the concentration and distribution of heavy metals, namely copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), in sediments around the suppa diesel power plant located in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. The analytical methods used include the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (ERI) and co-kriging spatial analysis. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results indicate that the measured concentrations of heavy metals, with Cu reaching 45 mg/kg, Fe 1,200 mg/kg and Zn 30 mg/kg, show significant variation among sampling locations. The findings reveal that the sediments in the area are generally uncontaminated; however, moderate contamination is observed at Station 1, indicating localized pollution, particularly near the shoreline and around the plant, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring. The limitations of this study include a limited number of samples and a short sampling period, which may not fully reflect seasonal fluctuations in heavy metal concentrations. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in formulating more effective and sustainable waste management strategies, as well as contributing to a deeper understanding of the environmental challenges posed by DPP operations, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring. 
&nbsp;

Assessment of the Influence of Wastewater from Diesel Power Plant Through the Accumulation Level and Distribution of Heavy Metals Cu, Fe and Zn in Marine Sediments in the Waters of Suppa, South Sulawesi

Study on Antifungal Activity and Ability Against Rice Leaf Blast Disease of Nano Cu-Cu₂O/Alginate

Effect of Supplementation with Dehydrated Cucumis melo and Copper on Reproductive Performance of Goats on Rangeland

Study of the Impact of Copper on Soil Organisms and Tomato Quality

Effect of dietary copper levels on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in fattening pigs

Spontaneously Occurring Chronic Copper Toxicosis in Pattanam Breed of Sheep

Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidants and Biochemical Status of Osmanabadi Goats

Association between Copper, Selenium and Zinc Levels and Foot Rot in Sheep: The Case of Sétif Region

The Impact of Breed, Testing Time and Metabolic Profile on the Variation of Copper Concentration in Sheep Blood Serum

Effect of Reduced Dietary Copper Levels Sourced from Organic and Nanoparticles Forms on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Giriraja Birds

Assessment of the Influence of Wastewater from Diesel Power Plant Through the Accumulation Level and Distribution of Heavy Metals Cu, Fe and Zn in Marine Sediments in the Waters of Suppa, South Sulawesi