<div>Background: Artificial insemination is an important applicable tool in increasing productivity by genetic exploitation through the male line. But farmers or breeders adoption require to be known the detailed cost structure and the nature of the cost function of the new technology. In this paper, therefore an attempt is made to develop a cost structure for frozen semen dose and a representative artificial breeding program in ewes. 
 
Methods: Semen was frozen twice-weekly for a period of a month following traditional box-freezing. Variable and fixed costs associated with the ram management, semen collection, processing and freezing were estimated and used in frozen semen production cost calculation. Cost items estimated as per cost assumption model and used for artificial insemination cost calculation. 
 
Result: The mean production cost of a frozen semen straw was estimated as Tk. 41.66 where ram maintenance cost, semen processing and preservation cost and staff cost shared the maximum expenses were to be 53.69, 12.93 and 33.38%, respectively. The average performance cost of artificial insemination incurred in the study was approximately Tk. 217.31, there in the semen dose, AI pipette and hormone cost covered the top areas of expenses to be 38.34, 23.00 and 19.33%, respectively. The cost estimate of the current study will be of more informative for breeders, stakeholders and researchers in sheep breeding technology.</div>

<div>Developing a Cost Structure of Frozen Semen Production and Performance of Artificial Insemination for Sheep Breeding Program</div>

<div>Background: Dendrobiums are most popular high value cut flowers which require special attention during cultivation. In Assam, Dendrobium orchids are normally grown under iron frame shade net houses which are quite vulnerable to cold injury during extreme winter period and heavy rain during monsoon period. Further, the existing structures are very costly which is not affordable by small and marginal farmers of Assam. Keeping in view the current study was aimed to evaluate a suitable low cost protected structure for commercial cultivation of Dendrobium cv. Sonia under Assam condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted in the Horticulture Experimental Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during 2018-2019 which was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with 10 treatment combinations replicated five times. The first factors comprised 5 numbers of low cost protected structures viz., G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5. The second factors comprised T1-1 tier and T2-2 tiers. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results revealed that among the protected structures, healthy growth and better quality flowers were obtained under G1 (Bamboo frame structure covered with fixed 200 micron UV film with top ventilated and 50% agro shade net as ceiling) protected structure followed by G4. Between the tiers, T2 was found to be superior in respect of the growth characters as well as most of the flower characters. So, this treatment combination is merits consideration for commercial growers of Assam to bring about timely and quality flower production of Dendrobium cv. Sonia.</div>

Evaluation of Low Cost Protected Structure for Commercial Cultivation of Dendrobium Cv. Sonia under Assam Condition

<div>Background: During present investigation burfi was prepared from different combinations of cow milk khoa and pumpkin pulp [viz., 100:00 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 70:30 (T3), 65:35 (T4) and 60:40 (T5)] and the samples were subjected to sensory evaluation, chemical analysis and cost was computed considering the ingredients and processing costs. The pumpkin pulp (as per treatments) and sugar (30% by weight of khoa) were mixed with khoa at different stage of khoa preparation. Then, the mixture was heated till burfi was obtained. 
 
Methods: For preparation of burfi fresh cow milk was obtained from Livestock Instructional Farm, Akola. The milk was standardized to 4.0 per cent fat and 9.0 per cent SNF for the preparation of burfi. The khoa blended with pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) pulp at different ratios, the product without using pumpkin pulp served as control. The burfi was analyzed for chemical composition (viz., fat protein, total sugars, ash and total solids). The organoleptic attributes of burfi were analyzed in terms of its flavor, body and texture and color and appearance, wherein the total score was out of 100; the judging panel comprised on 5 members. 
 
Result: The total sensory scores of burfi obtained were 87.81, 90.46, 95.46, 92.99 and 84.30 for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The burfi prepared from various combinations involving use of up to 70 per cent cow milk khoa in blend with pumpkin pulp was found acceptable. The fat content of burfi&rsquo;s was 19.61, 15.40, 14.38, 13.40 and 12.37 per cent, protein content was 14.89, 12.64, 12.11, 11.61 and 11.04 per cent, total sugar content was 32.78, 36.73, 37.59, 38.45 and 39.31 per cent, ash content was 2.69, 2.55, 2.53, 2.49 and 2.45 per cent, total solids content was 69.94, 67.30, 66.60, 65.94 and 65.17 per cent for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The fat, protein, ash and total solids of burfi tended to decrease while total sugar and moisture content tended to increase with an increase in the level of pumpkin pulp used as additive. The per kg cost of production of pumpkin based burfi decreased with increasing level of incorporation of pumpkin pulp in burfi formulation i.e. ₹ 240 (100:00 khoa), ₹ 204.51 (75:25, khoa: pulp), ₹ 199.11 (70:30 khoa: pulp), ₹ 194.33 (65:35 khoa: pulp), ₹ 189.25 (60:40, khoa : pulp) for the treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The most acceptable burfi i.e. T3 was computed to be priced at ₹ 199.11 per kg.</div>

​Effects of Addition of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Pulp on the Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Burfi and its Cost Structure

<div>Background: The study was undertaken in the East Champaran district of Bihar, where over one-third of the population is at risk of floods. To improve the socio-economic situation of tulsi farmers, the study analyzed the input profile, the link between cost and return and the impact of input cost on tulsi output and returns. 
 
Methods: Under Aroma Mission, during 2024 CSIR-CIMAP demonstrated the tulsi cultivation in East Champaran Motihari district of Bihar on 32 beneficiaries from seven villages and adopts improved practices of tulsi cultivation towards higher yield. The study was predominantly based on primary data collected through field visit and through personal interview method from the all aroma mission beneficiary. To achieve the objectives of the study, the cost and returns for tulsi cultivation was worked out based on commission for agricultural costs and prices (CACP) cost concept and determine the input-output relationship as well as multiple regression analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The cost of cultivation is to be ₹ 35093/- for the tulsi crop. The gross income ₹ 106000/- per for three months. The farm business income, which considers initial costs (Cost A1/A2) is 82316/- per hectare. The farm Investment Income is ₹ 70907/- accounting for more comprehensive cost structures (Cost C3). The benefit-cost ratio is observed to be highest (1:3.47) at Cost A1 and the lowest benefit-cost ratio was observed at Cost C3 (1:2.02). The regression model explains 0.878 (88 per cent) of tulsi crop production variation, with human charges, seed cost and distillation charges showing significance. However, it is suggested that from this study tulsi cultivation model can be promoted in others part of the country, where problematic areas for improve their social and economic life changes.</div>

Cost and Return Analysis of Tulsi Cultivation in East Champaran District of Bihar State

<div>Background: The rice gluten meal a relatively newer feedstuff is by-product of wet-milling of rice obtained after starch extraction and syrup preparation. The rice gluten meal is high crude protein and energy ingredient which is priced lower than soybean meal. Substitution of expensive protein sources with lower cost ingredients would potentially reduce the cost of the feed. 
 
Methods: A biological experiment of 42 days duration was undertaken in day old chicks (n= 384) &nbsp;divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design having 4 replicates per treatment with 8 birds in each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by incorporating control, two different levels of rice gluten meal RGM consisted of (15 and 17.5%), without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase (X), protease (P) and multienzymes (M). 
 
Result: The rice gluten meal at the inclusion level of 15% reduced feed cost per kg live weight, meat yield and eviscerated yield by 5.44, 5.13 and 4.69%, respectively. Protease enzyme supplementation in 15% rice gluten meal further reduced feed cost per kg live weight by 2.60%. Thus, it may be concluded protease enzyme is most cost effective in rice gluten meal diet.</div>

<div>Cost Economics of Feeding Rice Gluten Meal and Soybean Meal through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers</div>

Background: The rising feed cost is a major challenge in Nigeria&rsquo;s poultry industry. It impacts production costs and threatens the industry&rsquo;s sustainability as well as poultry farmers welfare. Implementing effective coping strategies is crucial for poultry farmers to maintain profitability by optimizing resource allocation. This study therefore examined the effect of coping strategies of rising feed costs on poultry farmers technical efficiency in South-West, Nigeria. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey research design. Multistage sampling procedures were used to select three states (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) from the South-West zone in Nigeria. In the second stage, 575 poultry farmers from all Poultry Association of Nigeria zones were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data on production activities of poultry farms were collected from the farmers using structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results of the study showed that the adopted strategies used by the farmers were use of finished feed (UFF), mixed farming (MF), downsizing of flock size (DFS), no change of strategies (NCS), verge of exiting the venture (VEV). Of the poultry farmers, 48.00% adopted MF to cope with the rising feed cost while 24.70%, 16.10%, 6.20%, 5.20% adopted UFF, DFS, VEV and NCS, respectively. The study, therefore concluded that mixed farming as a coping strategy enhances the poultry farmers&rsquo; efficiency, it is therefore recommended that the poultry farmers should engage in mixed farming as a coping strategy to rising feed costs.

Effect of Coping Strategies of Rising Feed Costs on Poultry Farmers&rsquo; Technical Efficiency in South-west Nigeria

<div>Background: An understanding of the stock structure of commercially exploited species is important for effective fisheries management. The white sardine Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) forms a significant fishery along with both the costs of India. The decline in the resource landings during the last decade along the whole range of its distribution necessitated the recent deliberations to recognize the likely existence of stocks. In the present study, fish stocks are typically identified based on the differences in phenotypic characteristics between fish from discrete units to assess the stock structure of white sardine in the Indian waters using a biometric analysis. 
 
Methods: Different four distinct locations, two each from the west coast (Mumbai and Cochin) and east coast (Kolkata and Chennai) along the Indian peninsula were surveyed based on the geographical situation during 2016. The collected samples of Escualosa thoracata were determined morpho-meristic based deliberationsand subsequently, the data analysis was carried out to recognize the likely existence of stocks. 
 
Result: Biometric analysis used as one of the important complementary contributions to manage and control the management-related problems in the future. The results obtained by the morphometric and the meristic analyses, were correlated and conformed.</div>

Delineation of the Stock Structure of White Sardine Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) Along the Indian Waters based on Biometric Analysis

Background: The Algerian poultry industry has had the biggest growth in the country. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the modernization of the poultry industry, driven by the policies pertaining to poultry that Algeria enacted between 2000 and 2020, did not result in the creation of governance structures that were in line with the demands of improving the performance of these industries. This theory is supported by the &ldquo;Turkey&rdquo; sector example.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to explain Algeria&rsquo;s poor governance of the poultry industry, the new institutional economy (NIE) invests within the framework of the &ldquo;Sector&rdquo; approach. The 1,288 units of turkey farms dispersed among 38 wilayas, or 80% of all the wilayats in the nation representing all possible production regions, were the subject of surveys conducted on turkey farms between 2015 and 2017. 
 
Result: The &ldquo;atomized&rdquo; breeding structures, the importance of &ldquo;independent&rdquo; breeding, the lack of economies of scale, the low level of development of integrated production and the absence of hybrid institutional arrangements are what set the &ldquo;Turkey&rdquo; sector apart, according to an analysis of its organizational structures. All of these things contribute to high production and transaction costs. Nonetheless, the &ldquo;turkey&rdquo; sector&rsquo;s lack of coordination mechanisms continues to be a serious problem that causes abrupt changes and volatility in producer pricing, which in turn causes cyclical crises. These crises are a source of uncertainty and dangerous hazards, especially for small farms.

Structuring and Development of Poultry Sectors in Algeria: Limits of Modernization Policies: The Case of the &ldquo;Turkey&rdquo; Sector (2000-2020)

Background: In recent years, relevant studies had shown that a large number of adipokines were involved in energy homeostasis in the body, regulating the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism. Resistin was a special type of adipose factor and its discovery and related studies had shown a close relationship between resistin and heart disease. However, there was relatively little research on the structure of heart tissue, so we conducted this present study.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to study the effect of resistin on the heart structure of mice, 20 healthy C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups(n=10). The mice of the experimental group were injected with 20 &igrave;l/d of resistin solution through the tail vein. The mice of the control group were injected with the same volume of double distilled water. HandE staining, Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) staining, Masson&rsquo;s trichrome staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of microscopic structure and ultrastructure of mouse cardiomyocytes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of HandE staining showed that the myocardial cells in the experimental group were disordered, the cytoplasm was loosely distributed and the gap between adjacent cells increased. WGA staining showed that the fluorescence green intensity of the mice in the experimental group was higherthan that of the control group. The myocardial cell membrane thickened, the average cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes was larger than that of the control group. The results of the Masson staining showed that the staining of the cytoplasm of myocardial cells in the experimental group was significantly shallow and the blue structure was significantly increased. The electron microscopy showed that the number of mitochondria decreased and the mitochondria lightly dissolved or disappear. This study confirmed that resistin could change the content of collagen fibers and myofibrils in myocardial cells, induce cardiac hypertrophy and cause certain damage to mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. It was speculated that it could affect the physiological function of cardiomyocytes to some extent.

Effect of Resistin on the Heart Structure of Mouse

<div>Background: While Indian agriculture has achieved significant improvement in terms of major food crops, the performance of oilseed crops has lagged behind that of food grains. In the last 30 years, the acreage and production of oilseed crops have increased dramatically. Groundnut, soybean, sesame, rapeseed, mustard and castor seed are the six major oilseeds in India. In case of other oilseeds such as linseed, cottonseed, sunflower, safflower and Nigerseed are taken in, the total area occupied by oilseeds reaches roughly 20% of the net cultivated area. 
 
Methods: The study was based on primary data sources. Raigarh district was selected purposively because it contributed highest area of groundnut. In the Raigarh district Baramkela block selected for further study. Respondent were selected according to proportionate sampling criteria (10 per cent) in the study area. For the analysis of the cost of cultivation, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) method was used. 
 
Result: The study was conducted for analysis of cost and return of groundnut in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh. The study was found groundnut is major growing oilseed in the Raigarh district. The overall cost of cultivation was observed at 50374.09 Rs. per hectare. The total cost of cultivation shows increasing with farm size. The cost per quintal groundnut production was observed 3159.47 Rs. The overall gross return and net return of groundnut were estimated at 75451.38 Rs. per hectare and 28010.10 Rs. hectare. The overall input-output ratio for the above cost was found to be 1:1.50.&nbsp;</div>

Developing a Cost Structure of Frozen Semen Production and Performance of Artificial Insemination for Sheep Breeding Program

Evaluation of Low Cost Protected Structure for Commercial Cultivation of Dendrobium Cv. Sonia under Assam Condition

Effects of Addition of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Pulp on the Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Burfi and its Cost Structure

Cost and Return Analysis of Tulsi Cultivation in East Champaran District of Bihar State

Cost Economics of Feeding Rice Gluten Meal and Soybean Meal through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers

Effect of Coping Strategies of Rising Feed Costs on Poultry Farmers’ Technical Efficiency in South-west Nigeria

Delineation of the Stock Structure of White Sardine Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) Along the Indian Waters based on Biometric Analysis

Structuring and Development of Poultry Sectors in Algeria: Limits of Modernization Policies: The Case of the “Turkey” Sector (2000-2020)

Effect of Resistin on the Heart Structure of Mouse

Cost and Return Analysis of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Cultivation in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh