<div>Background: Soil compaction adversely affects mechanical and water transmission characteristics, thus hampering crop growth and productivity. However, under coarse-textured soils, compaction to a certain extent is beneficial concerning restricting water transmission, increasing water retention and improving productivity. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of compaction and irrigation on soil physical characteristics and productivity of summer moongbean. 
 
Methods: A field study was conducted on summer moongbean for two years in loamy sand soil at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The treatments comprised three compaction levels i.e. no roller pass (C0), one roller pass (C1) and three roller pass (C3) in main plots and in subplots three irrigation regimes (I0.4, I0.6 and I0.8) with three replicates. Observations included soil bulk density and infiltration rate; seed emergence count, growth traits, yield and yield attributes. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Soil bulk density of 5-10 cm depth increased from 1.53 at C0 to 1.62 Mg m-3 at C3. However, infiltration rate of water in soil decreased to 38% with an increase in compaction level from C0 to C3. Seed emergence count was deleteriously affected with increasing compaction level but at 15 DAS, it increased by 33 and 42% at C1 and C3 levels under I0.8 regime as compared to I0.4. Plant height was also minimal at C3 irrespective of irrigation regimes. Compaction reduced the root length density in the surface layers but it increased in the sub-surface layers. Grain and straw yield increased by 15 and 13%, respectively in C1 over C3. An increase in irrigation regimes from I0.4 to I0.8, increased the mean straw and grain yield from 5.10 to 6.10 t ha-1 and 1.13 to 1.32 t ha-1 respectively. However, the irrigation water productivity decreased with an increase in irrigation frequency. These result suggest that compaction up to one roller pass with I0.8 irrigation regime can be beneficial for enhancing grain yield of summer moongbean in loamy sand soil.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Effect of Compaction and Irrigation Regimes on Soil Physical Characteristics, Emergence, Growth and Productivity of Summer Moongbean</div>

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different soil compaction levels (non-compacted control, low compaction, high compaction), irrigation management practices (conventional furrow and alternate furrow) and nitrogenous fertilizer levels (60, 90, 120 kg ha-1) on vegetative characteristics (dry biomass production, plant height, number of branch and number of pod per plant, height of the first pod, leaf area index, stem diameter), physiological characteristics (leaf relative water content, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf temperature) and root development through 0 - 80 cm soil profile of soybean grown in Harran Plain of Turkey. Experiments were conducted in Sanliurfa Province of Turkey in split-split plots experimental design with 3 replications during the years of 2006 and 2007. Irrigation program was created by using KanSched simulation model. The amount of applied irrigation water in conventional and alternate furrow systems in 2006 and 2007 were measured as 435.61 and 291.59 mm, and 429.51 and 271.72 mm, respectively. While the highest yield (947.8 kg ha-1) was observed in control treatment of the year 2006, conventional furrow system had the highest yield (2099.3 kg ha-1) in the year 2007. Soil compaction, irrigation and nitrogenous fertilization in general had significant effects on entire vegetative characteristics investigated in the present study. Increasing compaction levels yielded decreasing plant height, stem diameter and leaf area indexes. Biomass production increased with increasing nitrogen doses. Results indicated that negative impacts of soil compaction in agricultural fields due to traffic and various other reasons could be eliminated with proper irrigation and fertilization implementations.&nbsp;

Effects of irrigation, soil compaction and fertilization treatments on physiological &ndash; vegetative characteristics and root development of soybean&nbsp;

Soil physical characteristics (penetration resistance, bulk density, temperature, moisture content) and nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) were investigated for soybean grown in Turkey under three different compaction levels (control, low compaction, high compaction), two different irrigation management systems (conventional and alternate furrow irrigation) and three different nitrogen levels (60, 90, 120 kg ha-1). Penetration resistances exhibited distinctive increase in high-compaction case of conventional and alternate furrow irrigation systems. Effects of all treatments on bulk density were found to be significant. Only the nitrogen doses had significant effects on leaf P and K contents at p&lt;0.05 level. Soil compaction had significant effects on soil nutrient contents of all depths except 0-30 cm layer (p&lt;0.01). Effects of compaction on soil temperature were insignificant at 10 cm but were significant at 30 cm. Results indicated that negative impacts of soil compaction could be eliminated with proper irrigation and fertilization implementations.&nbsp;

Soil characteristics of soybean fields as effected by compaction, irrigation&nbsp;and fertilization

<div>Background: Soil compaction can occur due to the intensity of tractor traffic in the tillage process. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in physical, mechanical properties of the soil and plant growth that occurred due to tractor traffic and how it would affect if the addition of organic matter (compost) was added to the soil. 
 
Methods: The experimental work was conducted at the Sugarcane Plantation of PTPN II Klumpang at an initial soil moisture content of 24.69% and a bulk density of 1.08 gr/cm3 with compost and no compost then the land is traversed by the tractor with 2,4 and 6 passes. 
 
Result: The results of&nbsp; indicate that the tractor trajectory and the addition of compost have a significant effect on soil compaction. The highest values for water content, bulk density, particle density and penetration resistance were obtained at 6 times tractor traffic with soil without compost sowing respectively 35.36%, 1.31 gr/cm3, 1.87 gr/cm3, 9.61 kgf/cm2, while in soil with compost, the values obtained were 33.62%, 1.23 gr/cm3, 1.82 gr/cm3, 9.04 kgf/cm2, respectively. These findings indicated that the application of compost can reduce the level of soil density so that plant growth becomes better and more even rate of plant growth is obtained than without compost.</div>

Effect of Soil Compaction due to Organic Matter and 4-Wheel Tractor Traffic on Sugarcane Growth

The critical problem of soybean seed is susceptibility to mechanical processes due to structural limitations of seed and seed coat. &nbsp;The X-radiography of soybean seed revealed the orientation of seed coat around the cotyledons and cultivars like JS 335, JS 9752, JS 71-05, JS 95-60, MACS 124, Pusa 40, Punjab 1 and Type 49 had very compact seed coat around cotyledons. In NRC 12, NRC 37, RKS 18 and SL 525 where the gap between seed coat and cotyledons was significantly very high and non uniform making seed coat very much vulnerable to cracking. Seed coat minerals- calcium, silicon, zinc, iron and lignin content were found to vary significantly among cultivars. Significant genotypic variability for strength of seed coat was observed among the soybean cultivars. A very close relationship was found between strength of seed coat and seed coat compactness. Highly significant correlation was found between mechanical strength and seed coat lignin, iron and zinc content. Quantitative and qualitative variation for seed coat protein among soybean cultivars was revealed and higher protein content was found linked with mechanically strong seed coat. The result revealed that selection for these seed coat parameters in varietal improvement programme may be very fruitful for development of varieties having resistance to field weathering and mechanical damage.&nbsp;

Influence of seed coat compactness around cotyledons, protein and&nbsp;mineral composition on mechanical strength of soybean&nbsp;[Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed coat

Background: The aim of this study is the removal of three trace elements (Nickle Ni, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb) by an environmentally friendly method from Batteries and compact discs. This study aimed to rapidly remove trace elements from E-waste (batteries) by filamentous fungi pellets.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp; 
Methods: Aspergillus was the best heavy metal tolerated isolate under the following incubation parameters: pH (5), temperature (25&deg;C), ground electronic waste powder doses (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/L) absorbed by fungal pellets biomass 10 gm/L of wet weight. 
 
Result: The results showed the best removal percentage R% of Ni, Cd and Pb removal were (89,91and 96) observed at pH 5. Images from SEM showed accumulations of metal particles on the surface of the fungal hyphae and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to determine the effective groups in the fungal cell wall responsible of biosorption of trace elements and This study indicates that an application may be possible Aspergillus&nbsp;terreus as a promising candidate for biological sorption and recycling of trace elements and as an ecologically friendly and effective process in terms of time and cost.

Effect of pH on Trace Elements Removal from Batteries and Compact Disks by Aspergillus terreus Pellets

Background: Cotton crop is sensitive in its young stages i.e. stand establishment. Cotton seeds are fuzzy and messy in handling and field sowing. Delinting is a necessary process done commonly using acids and are comprehensively not protective. Optimal plant population, growth and persistence are strongly influenced by germination and establishment. In line with this, it is necessary and needful of an hour to find an alternative, eco-friendly, ecologically safe and low cost seed treatment method. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in two methods viz., a petridish method and roll-towel method with seed treatment methods viz., cowdung and red earth mix treated with and without biofertilizer and compared with acid-delinted and fuzzy seeds. The germino-metrics were determined using GerminaR package, an interactive web application and statistical analysis was performed using R software package v. 4.2.1. 
 
Result: The summative effect of seed treatment with fresh cow dung, red earth and biofertilizer (Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria) per kg of seeds at respective quantities (0.5:0.25:0.12) recorded significantly maximal germination indices and seedling growth determinants. This present study would be a complementary to comprehensively promote the use of indigenously available natural materials as an alternative to acids in cotton seed delinting.

In silico and in vitro Assessment of Indigenous Organic Practices on Germination and Seedling Metrics of Compact Cotton using GerminaR R Software Package

Background: BPT-5204 is one of the popular high yielding rice variety which is highly susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Embyogenic callus based transformation turned out as an efficient method for development of climate resilient varieties through genetic transformation studies. Keeping in the view, the present study was undertaken to investigate the role of modified MS media compounds on somatic embryogenesis in rice. 
 
Methods: The effect of modified MS media components such as plant growth regulators, total inorganic nitrogen concentration and carbohydrate sources on somatic embryogenesis of BPT-5204 was investigated in three in vitro experiments. The experiments were conducted at Department of Crop Physiology, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Bapatla. The data pertaining to biochemical parameters was analyzed statistically. 
 
Result: The role of various modified MS media components in inducing somatic embryogenesis was observed in the present study. Modified MS media containing both NH4+ and NO3- in the ratio of 2:1 (40 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3-) along with 10 &micro;M 2,4-D + 2.5 &micro;M kinetin has produced creamish to light yellow and compact calli which developed into compact embryogenic calli with globular embryos on surface after subculturing. Irrespective of total nitrogen concentration, the ratio of NH4+ and NO3- played a significant role in somatic embryogenesis. Higher ammonium concentration of 40mM and nitrate concentration of 20 mM in the culture media resulted in the induction of somatic embryos than the ammonia or nitrate alone. Besides this, culture media with disaccharide, 3% maltose as a carbohydrate source gave consistently higher number of somatic embryos/explant when compared with sucrose and other monosaccharides. All the nitrogenous compounds like ammonical nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen and protein content of the calli showed the declining trend at 21 days after inoculation in all the three invitro experiments due rapid metabolism of nitrogen during embryogenesis.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators, Modified Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Sources on Somatic Embryogenesis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar BPT-5204

Background: Upward fixation of patella is common clinical malady in cattle due to extensive movement of stifle joint during the locomotory activity because of unknown etiology. However, at certain peak point (overstretching of ligament) or due to occupational trauma (wear and tear), ligament become flaccid and weak leading to patellar displacement and lameness. Patellar ligaments play crucial role in stifle joint movement and any functional or structural alterations in the ligaments can lead to acute to chronic lameness in cattle. The present study was carried out to evaluate the structural changes in collagen fibril material in medial patellar ligament in cattle suffering 
with patellar luxation.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Tissue specimens of medial patellar ligament of normal (control animal) and affected cattle (luxation of patella) were harvested and preserved for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study as per standard procedure at RUSKA Laboratories, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. 
 
Result: The incidence of medial patellar luxation was higher in females as compared to male cattle and the duration of lameness was between 3-12 months (7.35&plusmn;0.56 months) characterized by dragging of toe, outward jerky movement of affected limb, extension of limb and change in appearance of gait during walk and flexion of fetlock. Scanning electron study of normal ligament showed dense, uniformly and compact arrangement of collagen fiber bundles with morphometric thickness was 3.66&plusmn;0.58 &micro;m. whereas in luxated patella cases, medial ligament showed derangement in collagen fiber bundles. The collagen fibers were arranged irregular and wavy with morphometric thickness of collagen was 2.58&plusmn;0.03 &micro;m. Electron microscopy of the normal ligament showed presence of thick collagen fiber bundles packed in dense and compact arrangement. Electron microscopy of affected ligament had degenerative changes of the fibers characterized by thin collagen fiber bundles which were loosely and disorganized arranged fibrils. The present study concludes that, luxation of patella was common locomotory disorders in cattle due to derangement in collagen fiber bundles with drastic reduction in thickness of collagen fibers, increased gap between two collagen fibers, broken and overlapping fiber bundles and surface of collagen fibers appeared irregular rough via scanning and electron microscopy analysis.

Collagen Fibril Morphological Study of Medial Patellar Ligament of Stifle Joint Affected with Patellar Luxation in Cattle

Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known &lsquo;H&rsquo; or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark&rsquo;s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.

Effect of Compaction and Irrigation Regimes on Soil Physical Characteristics, Emergence, Growth and Productivity of Summer Moongbean

Effects of irrigation, soil compaction and fertilization treatments on physiological – vegetative characteristics and root development of soybean

Soil characteristics of soybean fields as effected by compaction, irrigation and fertilization

Effect of Soil Compaction due to Organic Matter and 4-Wheel Tractor Traffic on Sugarcane Growth

Influence of seed coat compactness around cotyledons, protein and mineral composition on mechanical strength of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed coat

Effect of pH on Trace Elements Removal from Batteries and Compact Disks by Aspergillus terreus Pellets

In silico and in vitro Assessment of Indigenous Organic Practices on Germination and Seedling Metrics of Compact Cotton using GerminaR R Software Package

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators, Modified Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Sources on Somatic Embryogenesis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar BPT-5204

Collagen Fibril Morphological Study of Medial Patellar Ligament of Stifle Joint Affected with Patellar Luxation in Cattle

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review