<div style="text-align: justify;">Six dogs and six small ruminants presented with dog bitten wounds at different regions of the body were treated with Herbal Chitosan Spray. The clinical studies revealed the Herbal Chitosan spray was found to be superior in promoting healing process which may be recommended for management of dog bitten wounds.</div>

Clinical studies on the use of Herbal Chitosan Spray for the clinical management of dog bitten wounds in veterinary practice

<div>Background: Thoraco-lumbar spinal trauma frequently results in neurological dysfunction of varying degrees in domestic cats. The consequences may be permanent disability or death depending on severity and segment of spinal cord affected. Assessment of primary damage to spinal cord is important to prevent secondary damage and complications arising from neurological deficit. Since assessment of neurological dysfunction and its treatment in spinal trauma in cats is an evolving field, the present study was undertaken with an objective to record and associate epidemiological data and clinical examination findings at the time of presentation with clinical outcome on 60th post-treatment day in cats with thoracolumbar vertebral fracture and luxation, for a better clinical approach in this condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 24 affected cats were assessed epidemiologically and clinically at the time of presentation. All the cats were treated either conservatively or surgically based on extent of neurological dysfunction and severity of injury on radiographic evaluation. Post-treatment observations was then correlated with epidemiological data and clinical findings to assess the clinical outcome. &nbsp; 
 
Result: In the present study, sub-adult semi-domicile cats were most affected and major cause was automobile accident. Presence of concomitant injuries (30%) affected recovery. Thoracolumbar spinal cord segment (T3-L3) was most affected (71%). Among 16 cats with unstable vertebral fractures, 5/6 cats recovered after surgical treatment and 2/10 cats recovered after conservative treatment. Survival and recovery was poor when degree vertebral canal displacement was more than 70% (10 cats). All 7 cats with grade 1 or grade 2 and one cat with grade 3 neurological dysfunction recovered after conservative treatment. 5 cats with grade 3 and 2 cats with grade 4 neurological dysfunction recovered after surgical treatment. Selection of surgical treatment provided better recovery in cats with unstable vertebral fractures and greater degree of neurological dysfunction.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Epidemiological and Clinical Studies in Cats with Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fracture and Luxation and Its Management</div>

<div>Background: Nasal tumours of dogs often pose a diagnostic challenge due to their similar clinical manifestations with other chronic diseases. Therefore, their definitive diagnosis requires use of different diagnostic modalities like radiography, computed tomography and rhinoscopy along with biopsy. The present study evaluates the clinical, rhinoscopic and computed tomographic changes in 20 dogs with intranasal tumours.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Dogs brought with clinical signs suggestive of nasal cavity diseases were screened by radiography and computed tomography of skull followed by rhinoscopy and biopsy of nasal mucosa for diagnosing nasal tumours.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The intranasal tumours encountered were- carcinoma, transmissible venereal tumour and haemangioma. Clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, radiographic, computed tomographic and rhinoscopic changes in dogs with intra nasal tumours confirmed through histopathological studies are presented.&nbsp;</div>

Clinical, Rhinoscopic and Computed Tomographic Studies in Twenty Dogs with Nasal Tumours

Background: Femur fractures from multifactorial etiologies are a common occurrence in young and growing dogs. Various methods of internal fixation are available to repair young femur fractures but titanium elastic nails (TENs) are superior in stabilizing such fractures. Micromotion at the fracture site by these nails limits stress shielding and stimulates for early callus formation. TENs nails have been used in children but fewer studies are conducted in immature dogs in the recent years. The objective of this study was the clinical evaluation of TENs technique in femur fracture fixation among young dogs. 
 
Methods: This study included 16 clinical cases of young (&lt;2 months) dogs (12 male and 4 female) with mean &plusmn; SD age of 5.19&plusmn;2.83 month, body weight 7.46&plusmn;5.07 Kg injured since 2.93&plusmn;2.14 days and associated with vehicular accident, fall from height, hit injury with stick and unknown injury with femur fractures. TENs technique was applied in all the classes and postoperative clinical evaluation was done. 
 
Result: All the cases resulted in satisfactory functional outcome based on radiographically visible early bridging callus&nbsp; with mean radiographic fracture healing score of 2.43&plusmn;0.18, better fracture union (bone union score: 1.37&plusmn;0.24 and bone formation score: 2.25&plusmn;0.19), early weight bearing (standing: 2.43&plusmn;0.28 days, walking: 4.93&plusmn;0.39 days, pain perception score (1.62&plusmn;0.12) and ambulation with weight bearing score: 2.5&plusmn;0.12 (standing) and 3.00&plusmn;0.22 (walking), respectively on 15th&nbsp;postoperative day, in affected dogs with no major complications. Therefore, TENs technique provides an adequate repair of diaphyseal and supracondylar femur fractures in young dogs with better postoperative outcome. 
&nbsp;

Evaluation of Titanium Elastic Nails for Femoral Fractures in Young Dogs: A Clinical Study

<div>Background: Traumatic injury caused by swallowed&nbsp; sharp foreign object is one of the common conditions in dairy animal resulting into development of traumatic pericarditis (TP) and traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). Under field conditions both conditions mimic the same clinical signs making it difficult to differentiate as well as render to choose ideal therapeutic management. The present study was aimed to evaluate clinical, hematobiochemical and ultrasonographic changes in cattle to clinically differentiate between TP and TRP cases. 
 
Methods: From the period of January 2020 to December 2020, total twelve Holstein Friesian cattle were investigated for TP and TRP. In the present study, six animals each suffering from TP and TRP were included along with six normal healthy animals as control. Different clinical signs, haemato-biochemical parameters and ultrasonographical findings were recorded in each group and comparative analysis was done. 
 
Result: Brisket edema, bilateral jugular vein engorgement and arched back conditions were most reported clinical signs in both the groups. Significant changes were recorded in the values of red blood cells, lymphocyte, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and SGOT between both the groups. Significant drop in hemoglobin level was observed in TP affected group. No significant changes were observed in white blood cells, packed cell volume, monocyte counts and eosinophil counts. Significant increase in fibrinogen concentration recorded in both the groups. In ultrasonography, accumulation of anechoic fluid around heart in TP and reticular wall thickening in TRP was most consistent findings.&nbsp;</div>

A Clinical Study on Traumatic Pericarditis and Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Twelve Holstein Friesian Cattle

<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of&nbsp; two different surgical methods for management of third eyelid gland prolapse in dogs. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 14 eyes of 11 dogs presented with third eyelid gland prolapse for surgical treatment. Two groups dogs were subjected to clinical and ophthalmic examination based on the surgical technique used i.e., Group I (n=8) in which modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique, Group II (n=6) in which modified orbital rim anchorage technique was used. Among the breeds brachycephalic dogs (54.54%, n=6) followed by mesocephalic dogs (45.45%, n=5). The modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique was adopted in 8 eyes of 7 dogs (1 bilateral, 6 unilateral) and the modified orbital rim anchorage technique was performed in 6 eyes of 4 dogs (2 bilateral, 2 unilateral). In Group I, the mean pre-operative Schirmer tear test value was 16.87&plusmn;0.72 mm/min and in Group II, it&nbsp; was 17.33&plusmn;0.67 mm/min, both values increased&nbsp; on 30th Post-operative day. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p&gt;0.05), but there were significant differences within each group (p&lt;0.05). The fluorescein dye test was repeated on 1st,7th,14th, 30th days post-operatively and found positive in the left eye of one dog with the reduced bilateral cherry eye on 7th post-operative day in group I. Third eyelid mobility was normal post-operatively in all the cases of group I. Whereas in group II, it&nbsp; is restricted in all the cases. Three cases regained normal contour by the 10th post-operative day whereas 5 cases by the 14th postoperative day in group I. In group II, 3 cases regained normal contour by 12th post-operative day and 3 cases regained by 14th post-operative day. One case in the group I tested positive for superficial corneal ulcer on the 7th post-operative day. One dog in group I had a recurrence after 45 days of repositioning. One dog in group II with reduced bilateral cherry eye had a recurrence in the left eye 30 days after surgery. 
 
Result: Present study, Modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique was considered superior over the modified orbital rim anchorage technique in view of technical feasibility and unrestricted third eyelid mobility.</div>

A Clinical Study on the Surgical Management of Third Eyelid Gland Prolapse in Dogs

<div>Background: Colic is an important disease of horses. It is a multifactorial and complex disorder. Colic remains one of the common causes of death in horses therefore in present investigation, clinical and haemato-biochemical changes associated with GI colic in horses were studied.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total 105 horses were examined to study the clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters in colicky horses in southern part of Rajasthan.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Mean respiration rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time was found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control animals (P&lt;0.05). In haematological indices, mean packed cell volume was significantly increased in colic affected horses (P&lt;0.05) whereas mean total platelet count and mean lymphocyte count was found to be significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05). In serum biochemical indices, serum aspartate amino transferase, serum alanine amino transferase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum glucose, serum albumin, serum total protein, serum alkaline phosphate and blood lactate were found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control group (P&lt;0.05).</div>

Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Studies on Gastro-intestinal Colic in Horses

Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cemented prosthetics for total hip replacement&nbsp; &nbsp;for management of hip dysplasia in dogs. Total hip arthroplasty will eliminate pain and, restore function of hip joint. 
 
Methods: The dogs with clinical signs of coxofemoral joint affections were diagnosed using standard hip extended ventrodorsal radiographs of pelvis. Those dogs which are not responded to the medical management, with severe degenerative changes and osteoarthritis were selected for surgical management&nbsp; for total hip replacement. The femoral stems used in this study were small (4) and Medium (2). The size of the acetabular cup used ranges from 20 to 22 mm outer diameter. The bone cement used was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) low viscosity type bone cement (Simplex-P). Clinical evaluation of the treated dogs on 2nd day post operatively indicated functional outcome (on the basis of WOMAC score) as excellent in four dogs and good in 2 dogs as the mean&nbsp; scores&nbsp; of parameters was 1.0&plusmn;0.36, 0.83&plusmn;0.65, 0.83&plusmn;0.40, 1.0&plusmn;0.68, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 0.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.50&plusmn;0.50, 1.16&plusmn;0.47, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 1.50&plusmn;0.42, 2.0&plusmn;0.51 and over all mean of functional outcome is 11.33&plusmn; 4.06 out of 40 points, lower scores reflect better function than higher scores. Radiological and clinical assessment are excellent to good in four cases and poor&nbsp; in two cases, with&nbsp; mean&nbsp; score of 0, 0.83, 1.50&plusmn;0.5,0,0,0, 1.16&plusmn;0.40,0, 1.33&plusmn;0.84. The mean score of radiological and clinical assessment was 4.88&plusmn;1.85 out of 40 points, lesser score indicates effectiveness of the surgical procedure. The lamenessfrom grade V improved onby 45 days to&nbsp; grade I except one dog at grade II, by 60th day,&nbsp; all 5 dogs progressed to grade I and one dog to grade II. The post-operatively radiographic&nbsp; evaluation on day one revealed hip showing cup of the prosthesis into acetabulum.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total hip replacement using&nbsp; cemented&nbsp; prosthetics for management of&nbsp; Hip dysplasia in dogs was found to be effective in dogs with more than 20 kg body weight&nbsp; and returned to normal limb function after 45th post operative day in 4 out of 6-dogs, whereas in other&nbsp; two dogs, there is a complication of loosening of acetabullar cup after 60 days, the complications will be addressed&nbsp; with uncemented implants.&nbsp;

A Clinical Study on Total Hip Replacement using Cemented Prosthetics for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

<div>
<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of supracondylar plate for repair of distal femoral fractures in dog. The distal extremity of femur is the greatest weight bearing area, supracondylar plate is an orthopaedic plate system that is pre-contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study was conducted on six dogs presented with femur fracture to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, CVSc., Hyderabad over a period of 6 months (2020-21). Diagnosis based on the clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and radiography. Three fractures in right hind limb and three in the left limb. In dogs weighing less than 10 kg (N=3) were stabilized using 2.7 mm&nbsp;supracondylar plate while in dogs weighing more than 10 kg (N=3), 3.5 mm supracondylar plates were used. Right supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in one dog while left supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in two dogs. Similarly, right supracondylar plates of 3.5 mm were used in two dogs and left supracondylar plate of 3.5 mm in one dog. All the three right were 8 H while two left were 8 H and one was 6 holed. All the dogs showed partial weight bearing from 1st post-operative day. Lameness grading on pre-operatively showed grade V. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness on 60th post-operative day and one dog to grade III lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and later progressed to grade I by 120th post-operative day. The mean lameness pre-operatively and on 1st day, 15th day, 30th day, 60th day post- operatively were found to be 5.00&plusmn;0.00, 4.00&plusmn;0.00, 2.00&plusmn;0.25, 1.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.3&plusmn;0.30 and 1.00&plusmn;0.00 respectively. Radiographs obtained on the 60th post-operative day revealed dense callus of reduced size; fracture line barely visible with corticomedullary remodelling. The radiographs obtained on the 90th post-operative day clearly shows complete formation of bone with distinct cortex and medulla. Primary bone healing with minimal callus formation was recorded in case 5. 
 
Result: The supracondylar plate was successfully used in the treatment of distal femur fractures in dogs. Its configuration permitted early return to function of dogs affected with distal femur fractures.</div>
</div>

A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

Background: The study aimed to appraise the clinical findings and thyroid profile changes in hypothyroid dogs associated with neuromuscular disorders. 
 
Methods: The study comprised seven (7) healthy dogs (Group I) and 21 hypothyroid dogs with neuromuscular disorders (Group II). The serum concentration of Total Triiodothyronine (TT3), Total Thyroxine (TT4) and free Thyroxine (fT4) was assessed using Radioimmunoassay (RIA), while Canine thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration (cTSH) was measured using a canine-specific TSH ELISA kit. 
 
Result: The study reported that the neuromuscular signs associated with hypothyroidism were nystagmus (n=1/21, 4.76%), seizures (n=2/21, 9.52%), proprioceptive ataxia (n=3/21, 14.29%), head tilt (n=3/21, 14.29%), paraparesis (n=3/21, 14.29%), facial asymmetry (n=5/21, 23.81%), regurgitation due to megaesophagus (n=5/21, 23.81%) and tetraparesis (n=6/21, 28.57%). The mean serum concentration of TT3, TT4, fT4&nbsp;and cTSH in hypothyroid dogs associated with neuromuscular disorders was 0.89&plusmn;0.04 (nmol/L), 9.45&plusmn;0.94 (nmol/L), 7.72&plusmn;0.37 (pmol/L) and 1.59&plusmn;0.20 (ng/mL), respectively. The study found significantly (p&le;0.01)&nbsp; lower TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;concentrations in hypothyroid dogs associated with neuromuscular disorders and significantly (p&le;0.01) elevated cTSH levels compared to healthy dogs.