Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cemented prosthetics for total hip replacement&nbsp; &nbsp;for management of hip dysplasia in dogs. Total hip arthroplasty will eliminate pain and, restore function of hip joint. 
 
Methods: The dogs with clinical signs of coxofemoral joint affections were diagnosed using standard hip extended ventrodorsal radiographs of pelvis. Those dogs which are not responded to the medical management, with severe degenerative changes and osteoarthritis were selected for surgical management&nbsp; for total hip replacement. The femoral stems used in this study were small (4) and Medium (2). The size of the acetabular cup used ranges from 20 to 22 mm outer diameter. The bone cement used was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) low viscosity type bone cement (Simplex-P). Clinical evaluation of the treated dogs on 2nd day post operatively indicated functional outcome (on the basis of WOMAC score) as excellent in four dogs and good in 2 dogs as the mean&nbsp; scores&nbsp; of parameters was 1.0&plusmn;0.36, 0.83&plusmn;0.65, 0.83&plusmn;0.40, 1.0&plusmn;0.68, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 0.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.50&plusmn;0.50, 1.16&plusmn;0.47, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 1.50&plusmn;0.42, 2.0&plusmn;0.51 and over all mean of functional outcome is 11.33&plusmn; 4.06 out of 40 points, lower scores reflect better function than higher scores. Radiological and clinical assessment are excellent to good in four cases and poor&nbsp; in two cases, with&nbsp; mean&nbsp; score of 0, 0.83, 1.50&plusmn;0.5,0,0,0, 1.16&plusmn;0.40,0, 1.33&plusmn;0.84. The mean score of radiological and clinical assessment was 4.88&plusmn;1.85 out of 40 points, lesser score indicates effectiveness of the surgical procedure. The lamenessfrom grade V improved onby 45 days to&nbsp; grade I except one dog at grade II, by 60th day,&nbsp; all 5 dogs progressed to grade I and one dog to grade II. The post-operatively radiographic&nbsp; evaluation on day one revealed hip showing cup of the prosthesis into acetabulum.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total hip replacement using&nbsp; cemented&nbsp; prosthetics for management of&nbsp; Hip dysplasia in dogs was found to be effective in dogs with more than 20 kg body weight&nbsp; and returned to normal limb function after 45th post operative day in 4 out of 6-dogs, whereas in other&nbsp; two dogs, there is a complication of loosening of acetabullar cup after 60 days, the complications will be addressed&nbsp; with uncemented implants.&nbsp;

A Clinical Study on Total Hip Replacement using Cemented Prosthetics for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

Background: An experimental study was conducted to explore the feasibility of partially substituting biochar in cement, for making concrete mixture in civil infrastructures. The biochar was derived from the pyrolysis process in thermo-chemical conversion of the most under-utilized agricultural residue i.e. rice straw. Demand of cement is increasing day by day due to fast growth of construction sector all around the world. The current scenario of rampant on-farm burning of rice straw is a great concern not only for maintaining the fertility aspects of the cultivating land but also for the degradation of surrounding environment. Production of cement is equally very energy intensive and contributes a lot in emitting greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide to the environment. An attempt was therefore made in the present study to partially replace the rice straw biochar with cement to reduce the production of the later and to evaluate the key performance parameters of biochar based concrete.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Structures, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2021-22. Microwave assisted pyrolysis was followed for quick and efficient heating of the biomass feedstock. Efforts was also made to supply power to the microwave pyrolyser from a reliable source of power i.e. solar photovoltaic system for its popularization even in remote and off-grid rural areas.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The yield of biochar was found to be higher (about 28%) at 600 W input power to the microwave reactor and 15 minutes&rsquo; reaction time in the pyrolysis process of rice straw. The performance parameters of biochar based concrete such as initial setting times, final setting times and workability were found to be decreased by 8, 5 and 9% respectively and compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths were increased by 13, 18 and 5% respectively compared to the reference concrete. Biochar from rice straw can hence ultimately be utilized as partial replacement of cement for use in construction industry.

Conversion of Rice Straw to Biochar Through Microwave Pyrolysis for its Use as Partial Replacement of Cement

<div>Background: Cowpea is an excellent host for Callasobruchus maculatus (F.). These beetles cause havoc in stored cowpea. They have the habit of cementing their eggs to the surface of the host seeds. Hence, the present study was aimed to the find the influence of morphological characters of cowpea varieties/genotypes on oviposition of the pulse beetle.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The ovipositional preference of C. maculatus on 14 cowpea varieties/genotypes was studied under the free choice condition and the data thus obtained were correlated with the morphological characters like seed shape, colour and texture.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Each variety/genotype had a significant effect on egg laying by C. maculatus. Significantly least oviposition was noticed in GC 3 (35.33 eggs), having a rough testa texture and greater number of eggs were found on GC 1612 (117.33 eggs) having smooth texture. The pulse beetle preferred smooth textured seeds for egg laying irrespective of its shape and colour. This was again confirmed by one of the genotypes GC 1702, which belongs to the Holstein group based on the eye pattern of the cowpea, in this genotype the pulse beetle preferred to lay eggs on the smooth brown portion surrounding the hilum than the wrinkled white portion.</div>

<div>Influence of Morphological Attributes of Cowpea Genotypes on Oviposition of Pulse Beetle (Callasobruchus maculatus F.)</div>

Background: This study attempted to evaluate clinically and histologically the effect of local injection of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF&beta;1) on the rate of orthodontic relapse.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 24 male albino rabbits were used, that grouped randomly into two groups (12 rabbits in each): positive control and TGF&beta;1 groups. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups with 4 rabbits in each. Modified orthodontic appliances were cemented to the mandibular central incisors and tooth movement was carried out for 2 weeks, followed by a retention period for 3 weeks where positive control and TGF&beta;1 groups received local injections of phosphate buffer saline and TGF&beta;1 solutions, respectively, then the teeth allowed to relapse after removing the appliances for 20 days. The relapse was estimated clinically. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out following the completion of the experiment.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The TGF&beta;1 group showed a significantly lower rate of relapse than the positive control group. Histologically, during the relapse period, a significant increase in the number of osteoblasts, a decrease in the number of osteoclast, which was also confirmed by immunohistochemical analyses and a lesser PDL width was seen in TGF&beta;1 group when compared to the positive control group. local injection of TGF&beta;1 can significantly reduce the orthodontic relapse in the rabbit model.

Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in Reducing Orthodontic Relapse: Rabbit Model Study

Background: Kashmir Merino is a very important synthetic sheep breed of J and K. It is widely adopted across the Valley. It is an important source of income for the poor and marginalized farmers. An attempt was made to understand the management practices adopted by farmers of Budgam in rearing of Kashmir Merino sheep. 
Methods: A survey was undertaken in Budgam district understand the management practices used by farmers for rearing Kashmir Merino sheep.&nbsp; 
Result: Majority of the sheep farmers (68.42) housed Kashmir Merino sheep in Pucca house made of brick structures reinforced with either cement or mud whereas only (31.58%) housed sheep in Katcha houses. Breeding season ranges from April to May and August to December. Majority of the respondents (75.00%) reported autumn season as the main breeding season and only 25% reported spring as main breeding season. The sheep farmer was either having in possession small or marginal land holding. Sheep were reared on semi-intensive feeding systems during early spring and late autumn, intensive system during winter from December to April and extensive system from May to November. The vaccination against infectious diseases, dozing against prevalent parasites and treatment as per morbidity was carried out by expert veterinarians of Department of sheep Husbandry. Poor economic and low technical proficiency are main hurdles for farmers of Budgam to have good housing facilities to manage the breed. Management has significant effect on performance of sheep.

&nbsp;

​Management Practices Adopted by Farmers of Budgam in Rearing Kashmir Merino

Background: The present study investigated the mortality of fish reared in cemented tanks in backyard farming in Meghalaya.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Five dead fish and two water samples from two different tanks were brought for laboratory investigation to ascertain the cause of death. The samples (water and fish) were subjected to arrays of microbiological and biochemical tests to detect Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Aeromonas sp., Vibrio sp. and Listeria sp. by culture and molecular methods respectively.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study showed that all the fish samples were found to be negative for Vibrio sp. but three samples were positive for Aeromonas sp. by PCR against the genes ahh1 (130bp) and aerA (309bp) and one of the fish samples was also positive for Salmonella sp.&nbsp; The most Probable Count (MPN) of the water samples was not satisfactory i.e. &gt;40 MPN/ 100 ml, the content of dissolved oxygen was also low and two of the water samples were also positive for Aeromonas sp. by PCR for the same genes. Thus, from the investigation results the death of fish was inferred due to multiple factors viz. to low dissolved oxygen, very high microbial load and detection of Salmonella sp. and Aeromonas sp. Further intervention was suggested regarding optimum holding time, pH, aeration, dissolved oxygen, stocking density, clean water and feeds to control the mortality and future prevention.

Investigation of Mortality of Fishes in Backyard Fish Farming in Meghalaya by Culture and Molecular Methodsa

<div>Background: Coastal communities, like in Buguey, Cagayan, are highly dependent on marine and aquatic resources and mangroves for their livelihoods and the high population pressure in coastal areas has led to the conversion of mangrove areas for human activities, impacting environmental health. With this, the study assessed the socioeconomic profile of coastal villagers in Buguey, Cagayan, to provide insights for developing sustainable extension programs. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Descriptive-survey method of research was employed in this study. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Findings revealed that the coastal villagers were male-dominated, mostly adults and married, elementary graduates and composed of four members in every household. The dominant dialect spoken was Ilocano and Roman Catholicism was the predominant religion. They mostly rely on fishing, mud crab and crablets catching as their main occupations, with most respondents using crab pots as their fishing gear. Some respondents violated fishing regulations by using active gear like filter nets. Mud crabs and river mullets are the primary catches, with river mullet being a particularly vulnerable species in the region. The average monthly income is&nbsp; 7,396 which is below the poverty threshold. Despite low income, there are respondents reported borrowing an average of&nbsp; 21,142.86 from lending companies or banks, primarily for investment in fishing equipment. Most respondents rely on portable pumps for water and dispose of waste primarily through burning, with limited access to formal waste management services. Over half of the motorized boat owners did not register their boats. Most respondents live in single-type houses, with permanent wall construction, permanent roofing and cement floor material. Training and financial literacy programs, enhancing education and skill development, promoting sustainable fishing practices and introducing boat registration and subsidy programs and providing health and welfare support to empower the community and improve their livelihoods and well-being. 
&nbsp;</div>

Assessing the Socio-economic Profile of Coastal Villagers in Buguey, Cagayan: Inputs for Sustainable Extension Programs

<div>Background: Now a day&rsquo;s demand for organic food has increased. Being leguminous, requirement of nitrogen for mung is low. Soil organic matter could affect the soil microbial community and increase the crop growth and yield. In mungbean, roots have symbiotic rhizobia bacteria, which help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Nitrogen plays a major role in synthesis of protein, chlorophyll and plant enzymes of legume. The chemical fertilizers is used in huge quantity which hazards the soil and environment. Synthetic fertilizers have mainly macronutrients in large quantities and cemented the soil for worsening the soil and also the negative impact on crops, livestock and human being. The application of organic sources of nutrients improves the soil physical-chemical condition by adding macro and micronutrients both. 
 
Methods: A field experiment in Kharif season was conducted at Agronomy field of CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, to study the yield, quality and physiological parameters of mungbean under different organic sources. The experiment was conducted with nine treatments viz., T1- RDF, T2-FYM @ 5 t/ha, T3-Vermicompost@ 2.5 t/ha, T4-FYM @ 5t/ha + Rhizobium, T5-Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Rhizobium, T6-Green manuring +FYM @ 5 t/ha, T7- Green manuring + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha, T8-Green manuring + FYM @ 5t/ha + Rhizobium and T9-Green manuring + Vermi-compost @ 2.5 t/ha + Rhizobium in RBD replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Application of recommended dose of fertilizer produced 6.93 and 4.04 percent higher yield as compared to green manuring + FYM @ 5t/ha + Rhizobium and green manuring + vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha, respectively. The data revealed that the SPAD value of chlorophyll, RWC and LWP was higher with the application of various organic sources over to recommended dose of fertilizer.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Assessing Mungbean Productivity under Organic Management</div>

Background: This study seeks to evaluate the resistance profiles of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris in isolates from African catfish in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. 
 
Methods: A total of 74 African catfish samples were procured from 12 distinct aquaculture ponds in Banyuwangi. The catfish were intentionally selected from tarpaulin and cement ponds. The samples were categorized into two groups: G1, comprising African catfish with clinical evidence of hemorrhage and superficial ulceration and G2, consisting of those without apparent clinical symptoms. Water quality assessments were performed for each pond. Following this, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were isolated and identified from liver and skin samples utilizing MCA media, followed by Gram staining and biochemical assays. The identified bacterial isolates were sensitivity tested for beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam resistance. 
 
Result: The findings indicated that P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were present in African catfish, with prevalence rates of 4.05% (3/74) and 10.81% (8/74), respectively. P. mirabilis exhibited extremely high resistance rates against beta-lactams antibiotics Cefadroxil, Ampicillin, Penicillin and Oxacillin, with very high resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotic Erythromycin (66.7%). P. vulgaris showed extremely high resistance to beta-lactams antibiotics Penicillin and Oxacillin and very high resistance to Cefadroxil and non-beta-lactam Erythromycin (both at 62.5%), Streptomycin (50%) and Cefixime (25%). The factor influencing the presence of P. vulgaris in African catfish is the type of pond (p = 0.044). It can be concluded that the beta-lactam antibiotics exhibit the highest and most prevalent resistance on Proteus spp. isolates. Additionally, resistance to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics is also observed. Greater caution should be exercised in the administration of antibiotics in aquaculture facilities to safeguard public health.

Occurrence of Antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris in African Catfish (Clarias sp.) Isolates in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia

<div>Background: Cryptosporidiosis is the disease of zoonotic importance and is considered to be third major cause of diarrhoeal disease of calves worldwide causing significant economic losses. The present study aimed to link Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dairy calves with the management practices as a major risk factor.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total 401 faecal samples from dairy calves were collected from eight large (100-1000 animals) and eight medium size (30-100 animals) dairy farms located in Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh, India). Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in faeces by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (mZN) and formal ether concentration techniques.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 28.7% in dairy calves. A higher prevalence and risk of cryptosporidiosis was associated with large farms (24.9% vs. 3.74%, OR=1.96), intensive farming system (27.7% vs. 0.99%, OR=1.86), drinking ground water (27.7% vs. 0.99%, OR=1.86), dirty farms (16.7% vs. 11.6%, OR=1.90), presence of other animals at farm (15.9% vs. 12.7%, OR=1.36), absence of deworming (14.7% vs.13.9%, OR=5.09) and diarrhoea treatment practice (16.2% vs. 12.5%, OR=1.07). Multi-animal calving area, dirty calving pen and cemented floor were also identified as risk factors. Practices like feeding colostrum within one hour of birth, @ 10% b.wt./day, weaning the calves within 24 hrs and using detergent to wash feeding utensils decreased the risk of infection from 1.4 to 2 times. Calves kept confined with their dam had greater prevalence and risk of infection (17.2% vs. 11.5%, OR=5.20). The findings highlight that proactive managemental practices are beneficial for decreasing the environmental contamination and improving calf health.</div>