<div>Background: Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma also called cancer eye, represents the most economically important neoplasm in large animals. Hereditary factors, environmental factors (e.g: latitude, altitude, exposure to sunlight), lack of eyelid pigmentation, age and dietary habits have all been reported to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, in cattle the etiology has been linked to a number of viral agents, especially bovine papilloma virus and bovine herpes virus type 1 and 5. Nevertheless, ultraviolet light, viruses and circumocular pigmentation are the major epidemiologic risk factors for the development of the tumor. The efficacy of different treatment modalities for eye cancer in bovines was studied. 
 
Methods: All the animals were divided in to four groups of six animals each. Surgical excision, intra lesion BCG vaccine, surgery with auto vaccine and surgery with mitomycin was the treatment protocols followed. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to know the rate of proliferation of bovine ye cancer. Immunopositive reaction was observed against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in all the cases. 
 
Result: The benefits of different treatment modalities depended on nature, type, location and extensiveness of tumor.&nbsp;Early detection and aggressive treatment were essential in the successful management of these tumors. A multimodal treatment approach was recommended with surgery, immunotherapy and chemotherapy in providing 100% disease free interval.</div>

Efficacy of Different Treatment Modalities for Eye Cancer in Bovines

The use of silver nanoparticles as a safe and effective cancer treatment is a challenging endeavor that calls for intricate research including biologists who can assess how these relatively novel systems affect human cells as well as physicists, chemists and engineers who build and manufacture nanoparticles. In terms of cytotoxicity and the capacity to harm cancerous cells, they are in touch with them. Future applications of silver in nanomedicine include antibacterial therapies, medication delivery, biosensor systems, medical and cellular imaging methods and anti-cancer therapy. Silver nanoparticles have the potential to be quite helpful in delivering anticancer medications and resolving some of the issues with traditional therapies. Silver nanoparticles can work in concert with anticancer medications and enable the use of lower dosages, according to analyses. As a result, these nanocarriers are less harmful to cells. It is anticipated that this field of study will grow in the upcoming years with a wider range of anticancer medications and further understanding of the behavior of nanosystems in vivo with regard to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and Lastly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been established as a superior antibacterial agent to combat infection-causing bacteria both in vivo and in vitro. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including those that are resistant to several drugs, are susceptible to the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles. Because of their characteristics, silver nanoparticles can be used in health and medical goods to cure or prevent infections.

Nanotechnology, Synthesis and Theoretical Investigation of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Effects of Silver Nanoparticles in Faster Diagnosis and Treatment of Various Cancers: A Review

Background: Ceftriaxone (CF) shows high and wide range of the potent antibacterial activity with rare some side effects, a long half-life. Now new transition metal drug complex attract more attention for evolving of new capacities with multi-therapeutic approach such as anticancer activities. 
 
Methods: CF/Zinc (CF/Zn) complex was prepared and characterized via the transmission and scanning electron microscope. CF/Zn complex was prepared in (1:1) ceftriaxone: Zn+2&nbsp;ratio. 
 
Result: (CF) coordinated as a tetradentate ligand towards zinc metal ion with the molecular formula [Zn(CF)(H2O)2].2H2O.The particle size and morphological surface for zinc complex was examined by using of many analyses: SEM, EDX, TEM, TGA/DTG and X-ray diffraction. This study investigated the effect of CF/Zn metal complex as a potent anticancer agent against three cancer cell lines (Breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7, Hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 and large cell lung cancer H460). The synthesized complex showed great anticancer capacities against the three cell lines at conc. 10 ug/ml and the living percentages were: 95.44, 90.6 and 94.04 &micro;g/ml respectively and inhibited the proliferation of the cancer cells at conc.100 ug/ml and the living percentages were 90.35, 80.25 and 84.26 &micro;g/ml. Exposure to CF/Zn complex even at very low concentrations elevated anticancer capacities of CF against three dangerous and common cancer types worldwide. 
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Assessment of Anticancer Capacities of (Ceftriaxone/Zn) Drug Complex with Chemical Characterization against Three Cancer Cell Lines of Breast, Hepatic and Large Cell Lung Cancer (MCF-7; HepG-2; H460)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the ecosystem is being rapidly destroyed due to habitat loss, animal hunting, road construction, raising of transmission lines, general pollution, and agricultural activities, in addition to many other factors, all of which directly and indirectly affect wildlife. By necessity, rehabilitation units are available for the care and treatment of wild birds and mammals in need of life support. This paper discusses data collected regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of wild mammals and birds brought to the Center for Wildlife Conservation and Rehabilitation at Van Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Y&yacute;l University from 2009-2016. During the course of the present study, total 145 wild animals including 117 birds and 28 mammals. Out of the total treated, 96 wild birds and 21 wild mammals recovered, 12 birds and 4 mammals died without responding to treatments, whereas 9 birds and 3 mammals were euthanized. Additionally, of the 96 birds and 21 mammals that recovered, 15 birds and 6 mammals were determined to be unable to survive in their natural habitats, and were sent to zoo gardens or wildlife conservation and rehabilitation centers. The remaining 96 animals that fully recovered were released back into their natural habitats.</div>

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

<div>Background: Cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, despite the big development in treatment and diagnostic methods. For this reason, this study aims to find new drugs with low cost and fewer side effects on cancer cells continue. Medical plants represent a suitable candidate for discovering new materials for cancer treatment. 
 
Methods: Ten plants usually used in traditional medicine were used to evaluate their effectiveness as anti-cancer. These plants were divided into two mixtures according to traditional usage, named mixtures A and B. The anticancer effect against HepG2 was determined by MTT assay. The IC50 was also calculated. 
 
Result: Mixture A showed cytotoxicity reached 66.98%, while mixture B showed 63.66% by using 400 &micro;g/ml at 4 8h. The IC50 for mixture A was 53 &micro;g/ml, while for mixture B was 44.29 g/ml. All these results compare to normal cell line HnFd cells. In conclusion, mixing medical plants can effectively increase the anticancer activity of the synergistic effect between the phytochemicals. Future studies will be done to scan these effects.</div>

The Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Some Plant Extracts in Combination against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic approaches. Nanotechnology-based treatments have gained significant attention for enhancing drug bioavailability and minimizing systemic toxicity. This study assesses the anticancer activity of biosynthesized Faidherbia albida nanoparticles (NPs) against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. 
 
Methods: Faidherbia albida roots were collected, authenticated and used for extract preparation. Biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with varying concentrations of F. albida crude extract and its NPs and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Apoptotic markers Bcl-2 and Bax were measured using ELISA and lipid peroxidation levels were determined through the TBARS assay. 
 
Result: The synthesized F. albida NPs had an average size of 114.4 nm, as determined by DLS. TEM analysis confirmed a clustered morphology and FTIR and XRD analyses validated the presence of functional groups and crystalline structures. MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited significant morphological alterations upon NP treatment, including cellular shrinkage and increased debris accumulation. The MTT assay revealed a concentration-dependent decrease in the viability of cells, with NP-treated cells exhibiting 14-26% greater cytotoxicity than crude extract-treated cells. ELISA assays demonstrated a significant increase in the regulation of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. Furthermore, NP treatment resulted in a notable reduction in lipid peroxidation levels compared to crude extract treatment.

Anticancer Potential of Biosynthesized Faidherbia albida Nanoparticles against MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells

Background: The Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, is a crucial species for honey production and pollination across Asia. Bee venom, produced by specialized glands and delivered via stingers, has demonstrated therapeutic potential due to its bioactive components. This study evaluates the cytotoxic effects of bee venom-conjugated silver nanoparticles (BVNPs) on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. 
 
Methods: BVNPs were synthesized through a green bio-reduction method, where Apis cerana venom was mixed with a silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a Z-average mean diameter of 171.3 nm with a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.493, while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that the nanoparticles were well-dispersed and predominantly spherical. To assess the cytotoxicity of BVNPs, MCF-7 cells were treated with varying concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 &micro;g/mL) of BVNPs for 48 hours. Apoptosis and necrosis were quantified using annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry. 
 
Result: Our findings indicated a concentration-dependent increase in apoptotic cell death, highlighting BVNPs&rsquo; efficacy in inducing apoptosis without significantly affecting healthy cells. This study suggests that bee venom-conjugated silver nanoparticles offer a promising, biocompatible therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment. The findings underscore the need for further in vivo studies to validate the safety and efficacy of BVNPs and to explore their potential integration into current oncological treatment regimens. 
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Bee Venom Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles against Breast Cancer

<div>Plasma also called as &lsquo;fourth state of matter&rsquo; encompasses ionized gas, atoms, free molecules, radicals and free electrons. Considering its discovery in late 19th century plasma is extensively used as low pressure or high pressure plasmas in many applications commercially such as microelectronic technology, textile industry, organic waste management etc. When a gas is passed through an electric field in a plasma chamber, three types of collisions are known to take place in it particularly, excitation, ionization and deposition that provide plasma its characteristic glow, ion-electron pair, reactive species respectively. Plasma treatment of different object can change their chemical and physical properties. In Seed Science and Research, many seed quality enhancement techniques are used to improve seed quality in crop plants such as, seed priming, fortification, solid matrix priming, chemical treatment, hardening etc. Plasma treatment of seeds is a unique tool that utilizes an ionized gas to modify the physical and chemical properties seed viz., wettability, porosity, water absorption, activity of antioxidant enzymes. It can also decontaminate the seed surface off micro flora and convert hydrophobic seeds to hydrophilic. It also enhances soluble sugar content, protein content and causes a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Thus plasma treatment in turn improves seed germination rate, seedling characteristics, seed physical quality and seed health.</div>

<div>Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Micronutrient formulation is a liquid mixture of micronutrients which can be used as a fertilizer. It is a mixture of two solutions viz., solution A and solution B. Solution A is a mixture of zinc sulphate (50 gL-1), boric acid (10 gL-1), copper sulphate (20 gL-1), manganous sulphate (0.5 gL-1), ferrous sulphate (10 gL-1) and ammonium molybdate (0.5 gL-1) whereas solution B is an organic acid which act as a chelate. The mixture can be diluted to specific concentrations for application. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of micronutrient formulation as seed treatment and foliar nutrition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kerala Agricultural University and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode during 2018&ndash;19. The investigation was carried out in three parts: (i) standardization of micronutrient formulation for cowpea (ii) seed treatment study (iii) field experiment. The proportion of mixing micronutrient formulation and the duration for seed treatment was standardized in experiment I. In experiment II, a seed treatment study was carried out in a completely randomised design with seven treatments and three replications which included seed treatment with micronutrient formulation @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively. T7 (seed treatment with water) was the control. Three, a field experiment was carried out in randomized block design (factorial) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment consisting of combination of four levels of seed treatment - factor A [no seed treatment (S1), seed treatment with rhizobium (S2), seed treatment with best concentration from experiment 1 (S3) and second best seed treatment from experiment 1 (S4)]&nbsp;and three levels of foliar application of micronutrient - factor B [no foliar application (F1), one foliar application at 15 DAS (F2) and two foliar applications at 15 and 30 DAS (F3)]. 
 
Result: Through lab experiments, solution B was standardized and the formulation was developed by mixing solution A and solution B in the ratio 1:2. Duration for seed treatment was also standardized as 6 hours. Thus micronutrient formulation was standardized. In seed treatment study, seeds treated with 2% micronutrient formulation (T6) showed highest plant height at three leaf stage (24.23 cm) and seedling vigour index (2423). In the field experiment seed treatment with 2% micronutrient formulation (S3), foliar spray at 15 and 30 days after sowing (F3) and their interaction (S3F3) was found to be highly effective to the crop in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, grain yield and nutrient content in grain. These results clearly indicate the role of micronutrient formulation in enhancing the growth, yield and nutrient content of cowpea.</div>

Evaluation of Micronutrient Mixture as Seed Treatment and Foliar Nutrition in Grain Cowpea

Background: Oral cancer poses a significant global health challenge due to its poor prognosis and limited therapeutic advancements. 
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Methods: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Kocuria sp. NAT1, a bacterial strain isolated from Pachycondyla sennaarensis collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for oral cancer treatment. Bacterial isolates were cultured in nutrient broth and metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. Identification was conducted using MALDI-TOF MS. 
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Result: GC-MS analysis identified 39 bioactive compounds, including 2,5-piperazinedione and pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione. Network pharmacology was employed to assess drug-likeness and target interactions, integrating Swiss ADME and Swiss Target Prediction. Oral cancer-related targets were retrieved from multiple databases and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape. Functional pathway enrichment (GO/KEGG) revealed significant involvement in apoptosis resistance, cancer cell migration and metastasis regulation. Molecular docking using Auto Dock Tools confirmed strong binding affinities of the key bioactive compounds to oncogenic targets, including TNF, SRC, KRAS and EGFR. These findings highlight the potential of Kocuria sp. NAT1-derived metabolites as novel candidates for oral cancer therapy, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation to explore their clinical applicability. 
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis of GC-MS Identified Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Kocuria sp. against Oral Cancer