<div>Background: Buxtonellosis is a disease caused by intestinal ciliated protozoan Buxtonella sulcata. This intestinal ciliate may result in subclinical infection or clinical disease including diarrhoea, so systematic epidemiology investigation was done in and around Haryana.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total of 800 faecal samples were collected in year 2016-2017 by multi-stage stratified random sampling from buffaloes of Haryana. Effect of age (1-6 and &gt;6 months), sex (male and female), floor (Kutcha and Pukka), clinical manifestation (Diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea) and season were studied.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In total 477 (59.12%) buffaloes were infected with B. sulcata in Haryana. According to sex, 68.27% male and 56.35% female were infected with B. sulcata, respectively. Age-wise prevalence in 1-6 months and above 6 months was 60.75% and 57.5%, respectively. Prevalence of infection on Katcha and Pakka floor was 65.85% and 56.13% respectively, with a significant difference. Buffaloes with diarrhoea were more likely to be B. sulcata positive (85%) than the buffaloes without diarrhoea (46.66%) with a significant difference. Buffaloes were having more infection in monsoon (78.18%) followed by summer (58.36%) and winter (38.13) with a significant difference. Animals having diarrhoea with intensity of infection above 10 (+++) cyst/trophozoites were 89.40% (+++) followed by 6-10 (++) cyst/trophozoites 63.50% and 1-5 (+) cyst/trophozoites 39.98%.</div>

Systematic Epidemiology and Prevalence Analysis of Intestinal Ciliate Buxtonella sulcata in Buffaloes of Haryana

<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (G.I.) parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Assam, India. A total of 3597 fecal samples of cattle (2339) and buffaloes (1258) were examined for presence of parasitic infections. Examinations revealed an overall prevalence of 58.35% and 29.80% infections in cattle and buffalo, respectively. In cattle, Strongyle sp. (18.76%) was predominant followed by Eimeria sp. (11.97%), Amphistome sp. (8.72%), Strongyloides sp. (3.76%), Moniezia sp. (2.65%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.32%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.81%), Trichuris sp. (0.72%), Fasciola gigantica (0.47%) and Bunostomum sp. (0.38%). In buffalo, Amphistome sp. (8.90%) was predominant followed by T. vitulorum (5.64%), Strongyle sp. (5%), Eimeria sp. (4.53%), Strongyloides sp. (1.35%) and Trichuris sp. (0.47%). Mixed infections with more than one species were recorded in 8.76% and 3.89% cattle and buffalo, respectively. The egg per gram (EPG) of feces in cattle and buffalo was 582.44&plusmn;8.13 and 475.86&plusmn;11.29, respectively while oocyst per gram (OPG) of feces was 425.00&plusmn;20.37 and 251.75&plusmn;22.35, respectively. Correlation of rainfall and temperature with EPG/OPG of cattle and buffalo was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) while correlation of relative humidity (Av.) with EPG of cattle and buffalo was significant (P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regressions explained about 98.10% of total variance in EPG of cattle with environmental variables. 89.10% of total variance in EPG of buffalo was explained in multiple linear regressions due to environmental variables. This shows that the climate in this region is exclusively conducive for the development and propagation of parasites.</div>

Systematic Epidemiology and Prevalence Analysis of Intestinal Ciliate Buxtonella sulcata in Buffaloes of Haryana

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India