<div>Background: The horticulture sector in India faces a significant challenge due to the high perishability of produce, resulting in substantial losses in quantity, quality and producer returns. To mitigate these challenges, the India International Horticulture Market (IIHM) has been established in Sonipat, Haryana, as a world-class facility capable of managing large volumes of produce from auction to processing and market distribution while maintaining quality standards. IIHM will serve 17 states and provide dynamic business opportunities. The study primarily focuses on exploring business opportunities and their financial viability within the IIHM framework. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study was structured around two primary objectives: (i) to study and analyse various revenue generation streams for the fruits and vegetables wholesale market and (ii) to identify parameters for different revenue models and prepare a business model for each combination. Data collection involved brainstorming sessions with officials from the fruits and vegetable wholesale market, analysis of detailed project reports (including the Rungis Market) and a study of Asia&rsquo;s largest wholesale spice market in Delhi. Seventeen distinct revenue generation streams were identified, which were examined under four principal revenue models: renting, outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration. Simple mathematical and statistical tools were employed for data analysis. Calculations for the rental model were performed using input information, such as area and rate per square metre, provided by the National Council of State Agriculture Marketing Boards, applying a 1.5% annual growth rate after an initial two-year gestation period. Rates for outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration models were determined by aiming to surpass the income generated through the rental model. 
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Result: The rental model emerged as the most financially viable among the seventeen streams, while the success of outright sales, revenue sharing and collaboration was contingent on pricing structures and partnership levels. Financial projections over 12 years demonstrated significant revenue potential, exemplified by Shops and Sheds under the rental model generating Rs. 9,61,87,50,000. The findings emphasise the necessity of incorporating growth rates into lease models to ensure long-term profitability. 
&nbsp;</div>

Business Model for India International Horticulture Market in Sonipat (Haryana)

<div>Background: Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (AC and ABCs) is a scheme implemented by the Government of India in collaboration with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to provide assistance for the development of entrepreneurship in agriculture, creating employment opportunities for the unemployed agricultural graduates and also providing extension services to the farmers in rural areas. The present study is a modest attempt to evaluate the progress and performance of the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres scheme in India from its inception to the present day by looking at state-by-state, training institute-by-training institute and project-by-project results.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study is based on the contemporary analysis of secondary data gathered from books, magazines, newspapers, reports, Publications, Research Articles and official websites from 1st April 2002 to 31st December 2021. Furthermore, the researcher acquired knowledge from both published and unpublished thesis in order to make the study interesting and beneficial.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It is found from the analysis that Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh are the leading states in implementing the scheme successfully as compared to the Hilly States. A little attention is focused on hilly states in terms of training and establishing agriventures. Hence, the government should pay special attention to the hilly states and take suitable policy measures to meet the requirements of the farmers residing in Hilly areas and also on fulfilling the goals of the scheme.</div>

Progress and Performance of Agri-clinics and Agri-business Centres Scheme in India

India has total mint production of 39,000 t covering an area around 3,36,000 ha. Last 15 years&rsquo; studies were taken into consideration to find the three items viz; Producer&rsquo;s Net Price, Price Spread and Producer&rsquo;s share in Consumer Rupee with their highest and lowest values. It was found that highest Producer&rsquo;s net price was received through Channel II (U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand), highest price spread in channel II (Sitapur) and highest Producer&rsquo;s share in Consumer Rupee was received though channel1 (Moradabad), while lowest Producer&rsquo;s net price was received through Channel II (Rampur), lowest price spread in channelI (Moradabad) and lowest Producer&rsquo;s share in Consumer Rupee was received though channel II (Sitapur). Numbers of lacunas were observed in existing supply chain viz. high input cost, inadequate market informationand improper price mechanism. Present study proposes &ldquo;A Hub and Spoke Based Mint Business Model&rdquo; which directly approaches buyer without any intermediaries. This business model would increase per kg return and decrease amount of costs.

Economics and Marketing of Hub and Spoke based Model: A Descriptive View of Mint Business in Northern India

Background: Black gold popularly renounced for Large cardamom which is world&rsquo;s oldest and third expensive spice following, saffron and vanilla. The study was to assess suitability of large cardamom farming as business in eastern Nepal.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eastern Nepal, subdivided as Koshi corridor (Sankhuwasaba and Tehrathum) and Mechi corridor (Taplejung and Panchthar), were purposively selected as a research site. About 480 Households were selected randomly. An interview schedule was prepared for cost of production and other expenses incurred along with production and price received by farmers. 
 
Result: During the 7-year cycle, the total fixed cost was NRs 115,663. The breakeven point for large cardamom was calculated to be 157.45 kg. The average price per kilogram of large cardamom was NRs 1274.6. The average variable cost per kilogram of large cardamom was NRs 621.01. Financial indicator like net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) were 1,536,006, 2.14 and 71.31. The Return on Investment (ROI) and Payback period (PBP) were 138.45 and 5.6 years. Under worse scenario, The NPV declined to 977,115.1, the BCR fell to 1.60, the IRR fell to 50.02 and the ROI fell to 78.84. The PBP has risen to 6.8 years. This scenario demonstrated that simultaneous negative increases in cost and income had a greater impact on the profitability of large cardamom farming. Finally, the study&rsquo;s findings highlighted the sensitivity of financial indicators in large cardamom farming to changes in production costs, income and delays. This helpful information could be used by stakeholders to make decisions and develop strategies to improve sustainability of large cardamom growing in the research area.

Suitability of Large Cardamom Farming as Business in Eastern Corridor of Nepal

Background: The farming businesses play an essential role in contributing to Banyuwangi Regency&rsquo;s standard of living. Agriculture is also associated with food security. Rice plants are the most extensively cultivated food crop in the community. It is the background of why the Indonesian government established Asuransi Usahatani Padi (AUTP) or Rice Farming Insurance (RFI). RFI program is designed to help protect farmers from crop failure-related losses. This study intends to analyze the requirements that must be met to establish the RFI in Banyuwangi.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Observation and research during 2020-2022. The focus of the investigation is farmers who use and do not use agricultural insurance in Kabat District, Banyuwangi Regency. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. 35 farmers and stakeholders were selected to collect data and 7 experts with knowledge and capacity to understand rice cultivation and social issues were involved in the evaluation using the analytical tool Interpretive Structural Modelling is a research method. 
 
Result: The indicated that systemically implemented extension services, the simplicity of RFI financing techniques and procedures and the strengthening of agricultural institutions and partnerships are essential for promoting RFI adoption.

Structure Requirements for Developing the Insurance Program Adoption for the Rice Farming Business in Banyuwangi Regency

Background: In most developing countries poultry farming is owned by small business owners, farmers and their families. The broiler industry has fewer climate restrictions and more adaptability and in this sector entrepreneurial activities are still unexplored in India. The purpose of this study was to look into the production performance, income and employment generation of broiler production in Morena district of M.P. 
 
Methods: The broiler farms of the Morena district were identified with the help of Veterinary department personnel, commercial hatchery persons and poultry feed manufacturers and a list of 50 farms, was prepared. The list was arranged in the ascending order of the number of birds kept on a farm. From this list, 30 such farms were selected that were continuously in production for at least one year and where proper records were maintained. The list was divided into three categories based upon the number of birds viz. small farm group (below 1999 birds), medium farm group (2000 to 4999 birds) and large farm group (5000 and above birds). 5 farms were selected randomly from each farm category. Information was gathered by visiting selected chicken farms and interviewing the owners using a prepared questionnaire. The research study was conducted under the Department of A.H. and Dairying, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). The data were collected for the duration 2019-20. 
 
Results: The present study documented the mean feed conversion ratio, mean Livability percent, mean weight and age at marketing of broilers as 1.83, 95.82 percent, 2.38 kg and 43.8 days respectively for sample as a whole. The average total cost per bird was Rs 161.35. The gross return and net return per bird is found as Rs 185.27 and Rs 23.92 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio is worked out to be 1.15 for the sample as a whole. Rs 6.84 is spent on labour per bird in one production cycle of 56 days. Thus Rs 65664 per farm is spent on employment of labour in 56 days. On the basis of 8 hours working, 3.43 persons have been employed per farm. The statistical analysis using ANOVA found that there is a significant relationship between income and farm size, BCR and farm size.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Production Performance, Income and Employment Generation through Broiler Business: Revelations in Morena District of Madhya Pradesh

Indian agricultural marketing system is suffering from various problems viz. improper warehousing, lack of grading and packaging, inadequate transport facilities, presence of large number of middlemen, malpractices of traders, inadequate market information and insufficient funds etc. Long chain of middlemen decrease the producer&rsquo;s share in consumer rupee and exploit the farmer. Though Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs) under the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee Act, 1964 control and regulate buying and selling operations at all regulated agriculture marketing yards but there are lot of inefficiencies involved in practices of APMCs. However amended APMC Act prevents anticompetitive practices. There is no compulsion on the producer to sell their produce in APMC market yards, producer are quite free to sell directly to private companies or private market yards or farmers-consumer market under amended APMC Act. The present Study has analysed awareness and perception of apple growers regarding amended APMC Act. Two districts of Himachal Pradesh viz. Shimla and Kullu were selected on the basis of highest apple production. Apple growers were divided in two groups viz. Group 1 (growers who follow traditional supply chain) and Group 2 (growers who follow traditional and modern supply chain both).&nbsp;

Impact of amended APMC act on apple business in Himachal Pradesh, India 
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<div>The increased demand for indigenous native dog&rsquo;s breeds like Rajapalayam, Kanni and Chippiparai, leading to flourishing of more kennels in and around the breeding tract of the above breeds. The breeders without an experience in dog breeding are also involved in this dog breeding business and some of them face number of problems in running the business and meet with fiscal loss. Individuals who run the kennel with successful managemental practices and marketing tactics can only survive in this business. Considering the above problems in mind, a study was carried out to list out the major constraints perceived by the kennel owners of the indigenous dog breeds so as to sketch out a package of practices in indigenous dog breeding business. A study was carried out to identify the major constraints perceived by the dog breeders of the above indigenous dog breeds. The data were collected by pre-tested interview scheme from 39 kennel owners randomly selected from the breeding tract viz Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of Tamil Nadu. Prime constraints listed in the previous study were used to get response form the kennel owners. Kennel owners with more than five year of experience and maintaining more than 25 adult breedable dogs were interviewed. The constraints perceived by the kennel owners were collected and Garett&rsquo;s ranking technique was followed to rank the constraints perceived by them in their business. The study revealed that, majority of the dog breeders&nbsp; reported that, the unavailability of timely veterinary care (83.80%) is the major problem in dog breeding business followed by high cost involved in establishment of kennel (70.15%), difficulty in getting KCI registration for their dog (58.23%), unavailability of Vaccine (56%), frequent disease problems (50%), unethical&nbsp; business tactics by the competitors (48.33), inbreeding and inherited diseases (45%), pup Mortality(40%), poor breeding performance of dogs (35%), low demand and low price for the pups (28%) and unaware about scientific management (17%).&nbsp;</div>

Constraints Perceived by the Kennel Owners in Rearing of Indigenous Dog Breeds (Rajapalayam, Kanni and Chippiparai Dog) in Southern Districts of Tamil Nadu

<div>Background:&nbsp;Nowadays, many individuals are moving toward business relationships, becoming closer and developing business ties with their business partners in the supply chain. Relationship marketing could underpin strategic marketing in minimizing economic problems and enhancing business performance. However, there is little emphasis on how relationship marketing constructs influence paddy farmer&rsquo;s business, specifically theory-based empirical research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between relationship marketing components (trust, communication and satisfaction) and paddy farmer&rsquo;s farm performance in Bangladesh.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A validated survey instrument was used for data collection and 356 paddy farmers were interviewed applying systematic random sampling from the district of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used in data analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The findings revealed that trust, communication and satisfaction had direct relationships with farmers&rsquo; farm performance. It was also revealed that satisfaction was a mediator in the indirect relationship between trust and performance. In enhancing farmer&rsquo;s farm performance, this study suggested that it would be beneficial to practice a long-term relationship marketing strategy instead of a traditional marketing approach in the agriculture context.</div>

Farmers&rsquo; Farm Performance is Correlated with the Dimensions of Relationship Marketing: A Study in Bangladesh

<div>The ACABC (Agri Clinics and Agri Business Centres) scheme is being implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare, Government of India, with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) (&ldquo;NABARD-National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development&rdquo; n.d.) acting as subsidy channelizing agency and National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) will be responsible for providing training to eligible candidates, through Nodal Training Institutes (NTIs) and motivating them for setting up of Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres. Whereas the Nodal Training Institute (NTI) is desirous of undertaking to implement the training and handholding component of the said Scheme with MANAGE (&ldquo;MoU-ACABC&rdquo; n.d.). JNKVV, Jabalpur is a Nodal Training Institute (NTI) of MANAGE, Hyderabad for providing training on Agripreneurship under the Agri-Clinic and Agri. Business Centre scheme 2010 (www.agriclinics.net) of Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. (&ldquo;Revised Guideline ACABC-2010&rdquo; 2011). The present study was conducted in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh state during 2014 to 2020 and based on the primary data collected through field survey by personal interaction, telephonic interaction, pre-tested questionnaires from 60 sample agri-graduates of NTI. Used statistical methods such as frequency, score and percentage to find this out the problems of agripreneurs in establishing and operating agriventures after successful completion of training programme. In the results, it was found that lack of own fund to start venture, status of confusion between job or entrepreneurship, lack of proper handholding support from NTIs, lack of family support, lack of business and field experience (Managerial and technical), high rate of interest on loan and a difficulty bank documentation process in getting bank loans were the major problems in establishing agriventure, while heavy competition from existing market players, marketing and infrastructural problems, perishability and seasonability of products, fluctuation in demand and prices of products, illiteracy and lack of knowledge of the farmers and insufficient working capital to run the business were the major problems faced by agripreneurs in operating agriventure (Lal et al. 2015). Thus, the present study mainly focused on the major problems faced by agripreneurs in starting and operation of agriventures under the agriclinic and agribusiness centre (ACABCs) scheme.</div>