<div>Background: A blood transfusion is a routine, life-saving procedure used to replace blood cells or blood products. The current study was aimed to assess whether the blood lactate concentration has a prognostic value of successful blood transfusion. 
 
Methods: During the period 2018-2019 group I dogs (n=19) received whole blood transfusion and twenty dogs were assigned to the control group (group II). Blood samples in group I were obtained from cephalic vein before blood transfusion (T0), then after it was finished (4hr&plusmn;20 min) (T1) and 24hr&plusmn;20 min after the T0 (T2). 
 
Result: The level of blood lactate reached the normal level after blood transfusion in T1 and T2. The clearance of lactate had a moderate negative correlation with packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cells (RBC). There was no significant correlation between survival rate and blood lactate level. The survivals 24hr after transfusion (T2) had five times higher count of reticulocytes (RETIC) then non-survivals. Serial blood lactate measurement can improve the prediction of successful blood transfusion and it is useful in monitoring the patient status 24hr post blood transfusion, but it doesn&rsquo;t have the predictive value of survival.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Blood Lactate Concentration in Dogs Receiving Whole Blood Transfusion</div>

<div>Two hundred and fifty millilitres of blood each were drawn from healthy dogs (n=3) and volunteer human donors (n=3) into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine -1 anti-coagulated blood bags and preserved for 21 days. On days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21, selected hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Red blood cells counts of canine and human blood showed no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference till days 14 and 21 respectively. Mean corpuscular value (MCV) of canine blood on day 21 was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than that of human blood. Erythrocyte catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) progressively decreased while plasma potassium ion concentration of canine and human blood progressively increased. On day 21, percentage decrease in canine RBC antioxidants was significantly higher when compared with that of human blood. The progressive decrease in RBC&rsquo;s CAT and GSH suggests increased oxidative stress while progressive increase in K+ concentration and MCV suggests RBC membrane damage.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Comparative evaluation of the in-vitro viability of canine and human blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA)-1 anticoagulated blood bag</div>

Background: Carangidae is a family of ray-finned fish within the order Carangiformes which are invaded by different parasite species and the rate of parasitism changed regarding different factors. This study aimed to provide information about the relationship between fish size and sex on the parasites that infect fish within the family Carangidae in Saudi Arabia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 90 Carangoides caeruleopinnatus specimens were collected from the Red Sea. The size of the fish was taken in grams (for weights) and centimeters (for lengths), respectively, as well as fish sex was determined. Fish organs were examined for parasitic infection.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There is a relationship between the length, weight and sex of fish hosts on the incidence of parasitic infection in the examined fish. Larger fish size is heavily parasitized than smaller ones which provide a greater surface for infection. In addition, the mean weight of uninfected samples was considerably higher than infected which suggested a weight loss because of parasitic infection. Parasitism in fish has been reported to be sex-biased, with males suffering greater susceptibility than female fish. This study reflects the rate of parasitism in the coastal trevally, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus, concerning fish length as well as their sex.

&nbsp;

Digenetic Parasite Diversity of the Coastal Trevally Fish, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus: Factors Influencing Parasitism

Background: Residents of Saudi Arabia believe that Moringa peregrina seeds oil has a positive health effect on blood cholesterol and blood glucose. In this study, Moringa peregrina seeds oil (MPO) was compared with corn oil on plasma lipids, blood glucose and adipose tissues to study their influence on plasma parameters and obesity. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fifteen male albino rats were divided into three groups, each group containing five rats. The control group consumed a normal diet, the MPO group consumed a normal diet and 20% Moringa oil and the CO group consumed a normal diet and 20% corn oil for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with (p&lt;0.05). 
&nbsp; 
Result: According to results, no significant differences between MPO and CO on the plasma lipids. While there are no significant differences in blood glucose levels between the control group 75.36&plusmn;8.05 mg/dl and the MPO group 90.62&plusmn;0.88 mg/dl and there is a significant increase in the CO group 107.28&plusmn;3.90 mg/dl. No significant differences between all groups in BMI and final weight. While, the highest total percentage of adipose tissues was in the MPO group compared to CO, which was 1.72&plusmn;0.13 in the MPO group and 1.36&plusmn;0.12 in the CO group. Moringa peregrina seed oil does not lower blood glucose levels as it is a popular belief but does reduce the blood glucose spikes compared to corn oil. Additionally, substituting it for corn oil does not alter plasma lipid levels and it increases obesity factors (adipose tissues).

Influence of Fatty Acid Profile of Moringa peregrina Seeds Oil on Blood Plasma Lipids and Blood Glucose on Rats

<div>Background: FAffaMAlanCHArt (FAMACHA) is a technique for treating the animals infested with gastrointestinal parasites by using clinical anaemia as the determinant. The test is based on the assessment of colour variation of the conjunctival mucous membrane.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study FAMACHA has been standardized and used to correlate the anaemic status of goats with faecal egg count (gastro intestinal parasites) and blood profile. On the basis of FAMACHA score and faecal egg count, the goats were treated with benzimidazole compound and macrocyclic lactone.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result indicated significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the faecal egg count of Haemonchus spp from 1200&plusmn;155.76 to 525&plusmn;75, Strongyloides spp from 469.57&plusmn;77.37 to 78.26&plusmn;33.83 and Eimeria spp from 900&plusmn;240.05 to 195.65&plusmn;55.34 respectively. FAMACHA score of anaemic goats improved from 4.08&plusmn;0.11 to 3.2&plusmn;0.13. Mean haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) improved from 8.33 to 8.99, 22.66 to 24.86, 13.73 to 14.76 and 18029 to 19894, respectively which indicated clinical improvement. Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation was observed between the FAMACHA score and the haemoglobin level. It could be concluded that FAMACHA is a very handy tool to detect anaemic status of the animals and correlate with gastrointestinal parasitic load.</div>

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

<div>Background: A novel, rapid and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to diagnose hemo-parasitic infection in bovine blood co-infected with three of the most common hemo-parasites.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The diagnostic process relied on the detection of the three different bovine hemoparasites isolated from red blood cells (RBCs) of cattle (N=30) by conventional Giemsa stained blood smear (GSBS) and confirmed by multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR system was used to diagnose GSBS positive blood samples (N=12) found infected or co-infected with hemoparasites. The designed multiplex primer sets was attempted to amplify 205, 313 and 422 bp fragments of apocytochrome b, sporozoite and macroschizont 2 (spm2) and 16S rRNA gene for Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. 
 
Result: This multiplex PCR was sensitive with the ability to detect the presence of 150 ng of genomic DNA. The primers used in this multiplex PCR also showed highly specific amplification of specific gene fragments of each respective parasite. Comparing the two detection methods revealed that 58.33% of specimens showed concordant diagnoses with both techniques. The specificity, positive predictive value and kappa coefficient of the agreement was highest for diagnosis of B. bigemina and lowest for A. marginale. The overall Kappa coefficient for diagnosis based on GSBS for multiple pathogens compared to multiplex PCR was 0.56, slightly behind the threshold of 0.6 of agreement. Therefore, confirmation should always be based on PCR to rule out false positives due to differences in subjective observations, stain particles and false negatives due to low parasitemia. The simplicity and rapidity of this specific multiplex PCR method make it suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies and follow-up of drug treatments.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Development of Novel Multiplex PCR for Diagnosis of Co-infected Hemo-parasites in Cattle

Background: Eimeriosis causes inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, leading to excessive mucus, epithelial shedding, and bleeding. It affects newborns and offspring aged 2 to 3 weeks, causing 80% of diarrhea cases and 43.3% mortality in offspring between 1 and 2 months. This study evaluated the prevalence and parasitic load of Eimeria and its effect on hematological parameters and blood biochemistry (albumin, globulin and total protein) in alpacas. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fecal and blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture from 42 alpacas aged 1 to 2 months at two time points (T1 and T2, 30 days apart). Fecal samples were analyzed using the modified McMaster method and blood samples were examined using a colorimetric-spectrophotometric technique. A t-test compared time points and Pearson&rsquo;s correlation tested associations between variables. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The mean parasitic load was 8485.71 Oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) at T1 and 2400.00 at T2. Blood analysis results were: Hematocrit (Hto) (%): 31.86 (T1) and 13.47 (T2); Red blood cells (RBC) (x10v/&mu;L): 9.39 and 3.27; White blood cells (WBC) (x10&sup3;/&mu;L): 11.47 and 9.38; Neutrophils (Neu) (%): 50.14 and 49.98; Monocytes (Mon): 15.45 and 16.33. Hto, RBC and WBC values were altered, while Total protein (TP) (4.44 and 4.80), Albumin (3.57 and 4.00) and Globulim (0.87 and 0.80) were below normal ranges. A negative correlation was found between RBC and OPG (-0.42) and a positive correlation between parasitic load and neutrophils (0.31). Monocytes and OPG showed a moderate inverse correlation (-0.39 and -0.43). Eimeria spp. negatively affected hematological parameters but had no impact on albumin, globulin and total protein levels.

Effect of&nbsp; Infestation Level of Eimeria spp. on Hematological Parameters and Blood Biochemistry (Albumins, Globulins and Total Proteins) in Alpaca

<div>Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in pigs is often associated with subclinical infections leading to poor weight gain and reduced market value. One of the most significant risks is pigs being the host for many zoonotic parasites and thereby threatening human health. Despite the epidemiological data being available from different states of the country, records from Andhra Pradesh are scanty. Hence, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free range pigs of Proddatur municipality Andhra Pradesh, India. 
 
Methods: About 142 fecal samples were collected from free range pigs slaughtered in four localities of Proddatur municipality over a period of six months. The fecal samples were later subjected for parasitological examination and the tissue pieces of intestines collected from the slaughtered animals with the embedded parasites and those with pathological changes were subjected to histological staining procedure for identification. 
 
Result: Fecal examination revealed 80.98% (115/142) positivity for parasitic ova or occysts. About eleven species of parasites were identified; of them nine were helminths (83.8%) and two were protozoan (10.5%) parasites. Infection with Ascarops spp. (28.2%) and Fasciolopsis buski (17.6%) was found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher. The tissue sections of the intestines with pathological lesions revealed embedded parasites in intestinal mucosa infiltrated with eosinophils and mononuclear cells. The higher prevalence of GI parasites in slaughtered pigs in Proddatur region rises concern towards the impact on the health of pigs and as well as pork consumers suggesting a strategic control for GI parasites in pig farming.</div>

Prevalence and Pathology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free Range Pigs

<div>Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in goats is a serious and widely distributed problem. Diarrhoea, moderate or severe, though a result of various factors involving feed, fodder, seasons and state of gut physiology of digestion, is a common symptom in goats infested with GI parasites, the nematodes and coccidia. Intensity of diarrhoea corresponds to quantum and type of parasitism.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study, 1451 faecal samples collected from goats of different ages (&lt;3 M, &gt;3-6 M, &gt;6-12 M and &gt;12 M) were categorized as normal, lumpy and diarrheic based on their consistency and were processed for parasitic infections. The GI parasitic load was quantified by faecal eggs/oocysts counting (FEC and FOC) per gram of faeces through the modified Mac-master technique. Identification of parasites was based on the morphology of third-stage larvae procured by coproculture of randomly selected positive samples. FEC/FOC data (strongyle and coccidian), being skewed and uneven, were log-transformed to normalize. The transformed data [loge (100+n)] was analyzed statistically and results were interpreted.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Means of FEC and FOC in three type of faecal samples viz. normal, lumpy and diarrheic, were significantly different. Similarly, the effect of age on FEC and FOC was significant. The interaction between animals age &times; faecal sample type was significant in coccidian and non-significant in strongyle infection. The results were discussed to support the hypothesis that faecal consistency was a measure of coccidian and strongyle worm load in goats and can be a basis of targeted selective treatment.</div>

​Faecal Consistency: A Measure of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats

A total of 40 dairy cows in early lactation (60 to 90 days) of four different breeds were selected, comprising 10 animals each from Holstein Friesian (HF), Jersey (J), Achai (ACH) and F1 (HF x Sahiwal). All cows were multiparous with body weight 250-400 kg and milk production ranged from 3 to 12 kg/day. Blood samples were collected from each animal at fortnight intervals for 90 days. In the present study, 65 % of cows reestablished estrus while 35 % cows remained anestrous, 80 % of Holsteins showed estrus followed by 70 % of Jersey and F1 cows while in Achai breed showed only 40 % and 60 % cows remained anestrous. Blood glucose and daily milk yield significantly affected post partum estrus (P&lt;0.01) while serum total protein and triglycerides concentration in blood did not affect post partum estrus. The serum glucose level was lower (39.93 &plusmn; 3.14 mg/dl) two months before and showed an increasing trend (49.63 &plusmn; 2.47 mg/dl) towards commencement of estrus as well as during estrus (48.20 &plusmn; 2.42 mg/dl) and then a declining trend was observed. Mean concentration of serum glucose was significantly higher in Jersey (52.50 &plusmn; 2.09 mg/dl) followed by F1 (39.68 &plusmn; 1.45 mg/dl), HF (38.85 &plusmn; 1.77 mg/dl) and Achai (33.30 &plusmn; 2.17 mg/dl) respectively. Breed type significantly affected blood glucose (P &lt; 0.05) in jersey cows whereas both blood glucose and triglycerides were significantly affected (P &lt; 0.001 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively) in F1 cows.&nbsp;

Evaluation of Blood Lactate Concentration in Dogs Receiving Whole Blood Transfusion

Comparative evaluation of the in-vitro viability of canine and human blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA)-1 anticoagulated blood bag

Digenetic Parasite Diversity of the Coastal Trevally Fish, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus: Factors Influencing Parasitism

Influence of Fatty Acid Profile of Moringa peregrina Seeds Oil on Blood Plasma Lipids and Blood Glucose on Rats

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

Development of Novel Multiplex PCR for Diagnosis of Co-infected Hemo-parasites in Cattle

Effect of Infestation Level of Eimeria spp. on Hematological Parameters and Blood Biochemistry (Albumins, Globulins and Total Proteins) in Alpaca

Prevalence and Pathology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free Range Pigs

Faecal Consistency: A Measure of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats

Relationship of blood metabolites with reproductive cyclicity in dairy cows