<div>Background: Proteus mirabilis is one of the organisms which is often associated with urinary tract infections of humans as well as animals. As a member of Enterobacteriaceae family, the level of antimicrobial resistance tend to pose a significant public health risk. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study antibiogram profiles, multidrug resistance P. mirabilis isolates and detection of &beta;-lactamase activity in them. 
 
Methods: A total of 175 P. mirabilis isolates from different sources were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity/ resistant test by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL production was done phenotypically by Phenotypic Screening Test and Phenotypic Confirmation Test as recommended by CLSI guidelines and genotypically using multiplex PCR assay to detect different classes of &beta;-lactamase genes. This study was carried out from March 2017 to August 2018 in and around areas of Krishna District Andhra Pradesh. 
 
Result: Out of 175 P. mirabilis isolates screened, antibiogram revealed highest sensitivity towards gentamicin (76.57%), followed by ampicillin (64.57%), kanamycin (61.14%), amikacin (60.57%) and streptomycin (43.42%). Higher resistance was observed for erythromycin (71.42%), nalidixic acid (62.85%), ciprofloxacin (62.85%), tetracycline (60%), polymyxin-B (60%), cefoxitin (49.14%) and amikacin (36%). &beta;-lactamase genes were detected in a total of 23 isolates (13.14%). Prevalence rates of &beta;-lactamase genes among different samples was 23.6%, 11.1%, 10.8% and 42.8% from chicken, pork, poultry cloacal swabs and human urine samples, respectively with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (69.56%) followed by blaOXA (26.08%), blaAmpC gene FOX (13.04%), blaCTX-M group I (4.34%), blaSHV (4.34%) and blaAmpC gene CIT (4.34%) among all the tested P. mirabilis isolates.</div>

<div>A Study on Antibiogram and Beta-lactam Resistance of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Animals and Humans in Andhra Pradesh, India</div>

<div>Background: A study was carried out to screen milk borne Staphylococcus aureus for resistance against Beta lactam antibiotics.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 45 milk samples were collected over a period of three months from large animal outpatient unit of Madras Veterinary College Hospital, Chennai. Upon collection of samples, ABST followed by its growth in Mannitol Salt Agar was carried out as part of the phenotypic screening. Genotypic screening for Staphylococcus screening was done with the help of PCR by using nuc &nbsp;and mec A primers. MIC for ceftriaxone and cloxacillin was carried out with the samples that were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern is presented: Fluoroquinolones (87.5% sensitive), aminoglycosides (72.5% sensitive), Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid (Amoxyclave) (72.5% sensitive). The MSA positive samples were subjected to molecular identification with the help of PCR.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed 10 samples positive for Staphylococcus aureus and 5 among them positive for mecA gene. The MIC results were as follows: MIC50-10.95&micro;g/ml and MIC90- 87.510.95&micro;g/ml for ceftriaxone and MIC50- 43.75 &micro;g/ml and MIC90- 87.5&micro;g/ml for cloxacillin, indicating emergence of resistance. However, further studies are required in a larger sample size that can help us to attain more conclusive results.</div>

<div>Screening of Milk Borne Staphylococcus aureus for Resistance against Beta Lactam Antibiotics</div>

<div>Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections worldwide. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed an increase in the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with dogs, which could act as a potential source for the transfer of these resistant pathogens or their genetic determinants to human. Since carbapenems are the last resort drugs against these resistant pathogens, the study was aimed to isolate and characterise carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) associated with common clinical infections in dogs. 
 
Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from lesional skin, urine and anterior vagina of dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Mannuthy and Thrissur. The samples were cultured onto Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Mac Conkey (MAC) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of the isolates was performed based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (ABST) against the 12 commonly used beta-lactam and non&ndash;beta-lactam group of antibiotics by disc diffusion method and further subjected to screening for ESBL double disc diffusion method. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for carbapenemase production employing Imipenem-EDTA and Ertapenem-boronic acid minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) strip method. 
 
Result: Forty four Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained were viz., E. coli (30), K. pneumonia (11) and P. aeruginosa (3) from the 100 samples. Apart from these, other isolates obtained were Staphylococcus spp. (53) and Bacillus spp. (2). All the Gram-negative isolates were subjected to ABST employing 12 common antibiotics belonging to beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam groups. Multidrug resistance (MDR) could be observed in 28 E. coli, 11 K. pneumoniae and three P. aeruginosa isolates. All the 42 MDR isolates showed positive results for ESBL production. A total of 14 isolates out of the 44 Gram-negative bacilli were found to be resistant to carbapenem either to imipenem, meropenem or ertapenem. Among the 14 Gram-negative isolates, nine turned out to be positive for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and none for K. penumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) on phenotypic confirmatory test for detecting major carbapenemase enzymes. The present study documented that Gram- negative bacteria like E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolated from dogs are showing an increase rate of resistance against carbapenems which are the last resort drugs against ESBL producers. Hence, there is an urgent need to curb the irrational and excessive use of antibiotics in veterinary sector.</div>

<div>Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria</div>

<div>Background: Higher prevalence of ESBL producers is alarming in dairy sector. So limiting antimicrobial use may curtail the selection and persistence of predominant ESBL and conjugative plasmids among strains. The study was aimed to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli as well as their genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and integrons in bovines.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;A total of 180 faecal samples were screened for the presumptive ESBL producing E. coli isolates. All ESBL producing isolates were subjected to the screening test and were confirmed as ESBL producers by double disc. Further, these ESBL producers were tested for the presence of bla genes and those found positive were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) by disk diffsion. MDR positive isolates were further tested for the presence of intI 1, intI 2 and intI 3 genes. 
 
Result: A total of 360 presumptive ESBL producing E. coli isolates were obtained. Out of which, 154 (42.77%) isolates were found to be resistant and were confirmed as ESBL producers. Of 154 ESBL isolates, 120 (77.92%) isolates carried the gene/s screened for blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV genes are were declared as multi drug resistant. Out of 120 MDR isolates, 59 tested positive for the integron gene.</div>

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli in Bovines from J and K, India

<div>Background: This study was conducted to explore the contribution of poultry farms to the contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichiacoli and there with, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. Hence, the present work is a poultry farm based study aimed to detect prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli among poultry of small scale farmers. 
 
Methods: ESBL-producing E. coli were detected at poultry farm (n=40). The E. coli was isolated from poultry droppings in irrespective of diseases. The required data were collected through well-structured interview schedule in farm premises. E.coli isolates were more susceptible to Gentamicin, Aztreonarm, Cefrtrazindime and Cefotoxime.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Detection of ESBL isolates was performed by Combined Disc Diffusion Methods. Out of 40 E.coli isolates 12 were phenotypically identified as ESBL producers. The prevalence of CTX-m gene is 50% and Bla (TEM) gene is 50%.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Farmer&rsquo;s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - &beta; -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Salmonella is recognized as the most prevalent bacterial cause of foodborne diseases worldwide and animal-sourced foods have been reported as a common source of Salmonella infections among humans. 
 
Methods: The commercial chicken eggs, backyard chicken eggs, and duck eggs samples, 60 each, were processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. All Salmonella isolates were further tested for resistance against six different antibiotics. The prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in the Salmonella isolates was determined by PCR. &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 28 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an overall prevalence of 15.6% and out of them, 11.1% and 4.4% were from eggshell and egg content, respectively. All the isolates were found sensitive to Gentamicin however maximum resistance was observed against Cefotaxime. PCR results revealed that 100% of the isolates were carrying the invA gene however stn gene was detected in 78.6% of isolates. Among presumptively identified &beta;-lactam-resistant Salmonella isolates, 100% and 50% isolates harbored blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively whereas none of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene. All tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored the tetA gene whereas none of the isolates carried the tetB gene. 100% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were carrying the gyrA gene however parC gene was present only in 60% of isolates. These results indicate that drug-resistant Salmonella spp. were prevalent in eggs sold in the study area which can pose a serious public health problem.</div>

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Chicken and Duck Eggs in Chhattisgarh, India

<div>SAR and ISR are key acquired resistances in plants that play major role in imparting resistance to plants against various pathogens namely bacteria, virus, nematodes etc. The increasing awareness towards chemicals has led scientists to work on new mechanism of resistances. Both SAR and ISR are of future perspective for disease management. SAR require salicylic acid as transport molecule along with other complexes that include reactive oxygen species, lipid molecules whereas ISR require Jasmonic acid as signal molecule. SAR is more long lasting and broad spectrum as compared to ISR. Non-pathogenic bacteria and insectivores induce ISR. In future, disease management will be more focused on ISR and SAR.</div>

​Systemic Acquired Resistance vs Induced Systemic Resistance: A Review

<div>Background: Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a critical role in ovulation and maintenance of pregnancy in female and gamete production in male during fertile phase of life. Physiological disturbance of this hormone leads to conditions like delayed ovulation, anovulation, cystic ovarian disease and lack of sexual desire in male. Since, there had been no report of molecular characterization of &beta;-subunit of luteinizing hormone (LH) of Indian goat, the present study aimed to clone and characterize genomic DNA encoding LH&beta; subunit. 
 
Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from goat blood and amplified using specific LH&beta; gene primers. After cloning and transformation, plasmids were isolated from randomly selected white colonies. Presence of insert was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion of plasmids. After confirmation by PCR, plasmids were sent for DNA sequencing.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Analysis of sequence revealed an insert of 1006 bp size as expected. Comparison of nucleotide sequence revealed the cloned gene to be is LH&beta; encoding 141 amino acids. It showed 97.3 and 91.7% similarity with sheep and cattle respectively. Inferred amino acid sequence showed absolute similarity (100%) with sheep and buffalo. The common and essential features such as twelve cysteine molecules, a single potential N-glycosylation site, the CAGY region and another tetrapeptide CGPC are all found in the goat sequence too.</div>

Characterization of the Luteinizing Hormone Beta (LH-&beta;) Subunit Gene in the Goat

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising concern in the global aquaculture sector due to the rampant prophylactic use of antibiotics. This study is aimed to determine the AMR pattern in freshwater ornamental fishes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified from infected Guppy and Molly collected from ornamental fish farms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) using disc diffusion with 36 antibiotics was performed following the disc diffusion method. The resistance gene cassettes such as Class 1 and Class 2 integron were also detected from resolved isolates.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. sobria, Bacillus subtilis, Comamonas testosteroni, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Kurthia gibsonii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Shannon Weiner diversity index of resolved isolates was found to be 1.366 and 2.101 for Guppy and Molly, respectively. ABST results showed an elevated resistance pattern for A. veronii, E. faecalis (Guppy), K. aerogenes, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, C. testosteroni (Molly) with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (&gt;0.33). Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to sulphafurazole, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Detection of class 1 integron in genomic and plasmid DNA reminds the rapid spread of the AMR gene through horizontal gene transfer.</div>

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Greengram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is an important legume crop that serves as a low-cost source of protein. The bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) is a serious storage pest affecting greengram and other pulse crops. Thus, a study was designed to investigate bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus chinensis) in inter sub-specific derived lines of greengram and to identify chemical compounds responsible for resistance. 
 
Methods: The experimental material comprised of 200 inter sub-specific derived lines of F9 generation of VBN (Gg) 2 (susceptible to bruchid) &times;&nbsp;Vigna radiata var. sublobata/2 (resistant to bruchid) and a susceptible check variety. The bruchid screening experiment was carried out in completely randomized design and replicated twice with 50 seeds in each replication by adopting no choice test. Out of 200 lines evaluated for bruchid screening, seed damage due to bruchid was less than 20 per cent in 11 lines, identified as resistant. However, three resistant lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 140 and GGISC 150 were taken for further confirmation for bruchid resistance and GC-MS analysis to discover the chemical compounds conferring resistance (Clarus SQ 8C, Perkin Elmer).&nbsp; 
 
Result: In confirmation screening, seed damage due to bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis) on 30th day was less than 20 per cent in three inter sub-specific lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 150 (17.00%) and GGISC 140 (18.00%), whereas the susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] reached 100 per cent adult emergence. The three inter sub-specific lines recorded susceptibility index of 0.046 (GGISC 124), 0.047 (GGISC 140) and 0.048 (GGISC 150) and classified as resistant. The susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] recorded the susceptibility index of 0.085. GC-MS study was carried out in resistant lines GGISC 124, GGISC 140, GGISC 150 and susceptible check VBN (Gg) 2. The results revealed that the existence of three compounds viz., 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 2-ethanediyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, 2-oxiranyl methyl ester in resistant lines conferred resistance against C. chinensis in greengram.</div>

A Study on Antibiogram and Beta-lactam Resistance of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Animals and Humans in Andhra Pradesh, India

Screening of Milk Borne Staphylococcus aureus for Resistance against Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli in Bovines from J and K, India

Farmer’s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - β -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Chicken and Duck Eggs in Chhattisgarh, India

Systemic Acquired Resistance vs Induced Systemic Resistance: A Review

Characterization of the Luteinizing Hormone Beta (LH-β) Subunit Gene in the Goat

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

Host Plant Resistance and Analysis of Chemical Compounds Responsible for Bruchid Resistance in Greengram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek