This review article provides a comprehensive overview of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle&rsquo;s physiological adaptation in Balochistan, a harsh environment that poses significant challenges to animal production. The article reviews various physiological responses and adaptations of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle to thermal stress and water scarcity, which are two of the most significant challenges the animals face in this region. It also highlights several key physiological responses that occur in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle when exposed to thermal stress, such as increased respiratory rate, pulse rateand rectal temperature. Additionally, milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), blood metabolitesand heart rate were identified as valuable indicators for assessing the animal&rsquo;s thermoregulatory mechanisms and detecting the impact of thermal stress. Moreover, adaptations of the sweat gland characteristics, metabolism processes and reduced metabolic requirements were also discussed. This review also highlighted the effect of altitude, hair coatand breed differences on the animals&rsquo; physiological adaptation. The authors stressed the significance of understanding the animals&rsquo; physiological responses to harsh environmental conditions and the importance of measuring these responses accurately in enhancing the animal&rsquo;s productivity and welfare. This review concludes with recommendations for improving the adaptability and performance of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle in Balochistan. Suggestions include implementing crossbreeding programs with indigenous breeds, improving management practices, utilizing physiological parameters to monitor animal health and conducting further research to identify genetic variations that improve animal adaptability. The authors emphasize the significance of these recommendations to increase farmers&rsquo; income, enhance food securityand contribute to the socio-economic development of the region. In conclusion, this review article provides valuable insights into Holstein Friesian dairy cattle&rsquo;s physiological adaptation in Balochistan and can be useful for stakeholders in the dairy industry, policymakersand researchers concerned with improving the sustainability and profitability of animal agriculture in harsh environments.

Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle Physiological Adaptation in Balochistan: A Review

<div>Background: Among life-threatening infections of small ruminants (sheep/goat), enterotoxaemia has vital importance. This disease is caused by certain serotype of Clostridium perfringens and commonly known as pulpy kidney or overeating infection. The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of C. perfringens in small ruminants in different zones (Kalat, Mangochar, Johan, and Gazg) of district Kalat, Balochistan.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fecal samples (n=100) were collected aseptically, from rectum of enterotoxaemia suspected animals. The samples were cultured in Reinforced Clostridial Media (RCM). Biochemically identified isolates were further confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Overall prevalence of C. perfringens was noticed 48%, with higher occurrence rate (p &lt; 0.01) in sheep (60%) than goat (36%). Among fifty samples of each specie, 30 and 18 isolates recovered from sheep and goat respectively. The area wise analysis showed that, in goats, the highest prevalence was found in Kalat (50%) followed by the Mangochar (38.46%), Johan (30.77%) and Gazg (25%). The statistical analysis revealed the significant differences (p &lt; 0.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.80-68.91) in C. perfringens prevalence in various areas of Kalat district. The results of the gender-wise prevalence of C. perfringens exhibited a numerically higher (p&gt;0.05; 95% CI 9.23-49.02) prevalence in female goats (40%) than male goats (32%). Whereas, the age-wise analysis indicated that, in &lt; 1 year age group (44.44%), the prevalence of C. perfringens was higher (p&lt;0.05; 95% CI 8.00-57.89) than &gt;1 but &lt;2 years&nbsp; (29.41%) and &sup3; 2-year (33.33%) age groups. Similarly, in sheep, the highest prevalence (p&lt;0.05) was found in Kalat (76.92%) followed by Mangochar (66.67%), Johan (58.33%) and Gazg (38.46%). The age wise and gender-wise differences (p&lt;0.05) were also observed in various age and gender groups of sheep similar to goat. Among 30 sheep isolates of C. perfringens, a highest number (28 isolates) showed resistance against amikacin, followed by amoxicillin/penicillin (25 isolates) and colistin sulphate (22 isolates); while among 18 isolates of goat 17 were found resistant against colistin sulphate and 16 were resistant against amoxicillin and amikacin. In conclusion enterotoxaemia is prevailing in small ruminants of district Kalat, Balochistan thus mass scale vaccination campaign should be carried out to prevent losses.</div>

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Clostridium perfringens in Small Ruminants of District Kalat, Balochistan

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<div style="text-align:left">Background: Parastromateus niger, is one of the important fish species from economic point of view in Gwadar, Balochistan-Pakistan. This study was carried out to determine the growth and fecundity of Parastromateus niger.</div>

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Methods: Growth of P. niger was determined by applying Le Cren formula while mean fecundity and relative fecundity of this fish was calculated by using equation of Yelden and Avsar.</div>

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Result: Relationship between fish weight and ovary weight was found as 0.384 and 0.898 respectively in 1st and 2nd year of research. Annual mean fecundity of P. niger was calculated as 43165.4 eggs with relative fecundity of 73.7 in 2017-18 and annual mean fecundity in 2018-19 was 39759.5 eggs with 50.2 relative fecundity. Value of R2 in first year of research between fecundity and ovary weight was 0.751, for mean fecundity and relative fecundity was 0.545, in term of fecundity and total length of fish was 0.60 and for fish total weight and fecundity was 0.596. Value of R2 between fecundity and weight of ovary was 0.951, with mean fecundity and relative fecundity as 0.968, between fish fecundity and total length was 0.578 and in case of fecundity and total body weight was found 0.809 in second year of research period.</div>
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Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle Physiological Adaptation in Balochistan: A Review

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Clostridium perfringens in Small Ruminants of District Kalat, Balochistan

Length-weight Relationship and Fecundity of Parastromateus niger from Gwadar Port Balochistan Province, Pakistan