<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of oral diseases in dogs examined at the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital during 2013 - 2014. The dogs underwent a special control for diseases of oral cavity. Site specifications and severity of dental diseases were assessed using modified indexing systems. A total number of 776 dogs, presented at a private Tirana/Albania urban veterinary hospital for different reasons, during this period were analyzed. Analysis by oral disease type revealed 692 dogs or 89.1% dent-gingival disorders. Of these animals, 441 (56.8%) of 776 dogs had periodontal disease; 468 (60.3%) had dental calculus; 241 (31.0%) had teeth loss and 50 (6.4%) had abnormal attrition. Two cases of dogs suffering from tumours, one case with dental caries, two cases with the enamel hypoplasia and one case with gingival hyperplasia, were also observed. Data from this study showed that periodontitis and dental calculus are among the most common diseases prevalent in dogs. There were also observed changes in the deposit of calculus between the upper and lower jaw; with the most calculus deposits observed in the upper jaw. No differences were observed between the right side and the left side of the jaw. Dental calculus index was almost the same between the right side and left side. Frequency of periodontal changes and the degree of inflammation increased with an increase in the age of the dog. Dental calculus was observed at an earlier age in small breeds of dogs. Dental calculus index was lower in large dog breeds compared to the small dog breeds and increased with age. Results of the study showed a high prevalence of oral diseases in dogs and confirmed that periodontal disease is the most common oral disease in dogs.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Prevalence of oral diseases in dogs in Tirana urban area</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Mushroom cultivation is often promoted as profitable and income generating agri-business activity, while there is a very high rate of attrition in mushroom entrepreneurship. Performance of mushroom enterprise as a physical attribute and the entrepreneurial behaviour of mushroom growing farmers as a psychological attribute plays an important role in the success of the mushroom entrepreneurship. Both these variables are in turn influenced by several dimensions rendering it difficult to comprehend the nature of variability observed in them. Therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) of these two variables was done for variable reduction and to understand their influence on mushroom entrepreneurship. The results of PCA ascertain the relative importance of different dimensions on the variables through Eigen weightages. Based on the findings, suitable strategies and necessary policy interventions are identified to make the mushroom entrepreneurship as a potential agri-business to augment farmers&rsquo; income.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Critical dimensions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour among mushroom growers: Investigation through Principal Component Analysis</div>

<p style="text-align: justify;">Phasing out of methyl bromide has resulted in the need for alternative strategies for the management of soilborne pests and diseases. Among several bioactive molecules, glucosinolates from Brassicaceae and their enzymatic degradation products, especially isothiocyanates formed by myrosinase enzyme, stand out as a promising alternative biofumigants. The effectiveness of biocidal compounds released from brassica species {Sinapis alba L. (syn. Brassica alba L.), B. nigra L., B. napus L., B. rapa L., B. juncea L. and B. carinata} tissue degradation on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo &amp; K.Sato (F.o.c; causal agent of chickpea wilt) growth in vitro, propagule attrition in soil and incidence of chickpea wilt in the field was carried out. Brassica alba L. was found to be the most toxic as it resulted in maximum percent mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen followed by B. nigra L. &nbsp;and B. juncea L. tissues. Under glasshouse conditions, B. nigra was found most effective in reducing the colony forming units of the pathogen followed by B. alba L. and B. juncea L.. Lowest wilt severity under field conditions was observed in B. juncea L. tissues while greatest grain yield was produced in B. alba L. amended plots. The present study showed that the soil amendment with brassicas might be a feasible non-chemical approach to manage fusarium wilt of chickpea.</p>


Prevalence of oral diseases in dogs in Tirana urban area

Critical dimensions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour among mushroom growers: Investigation through Principal Component Analysis

Management of fusarium wilt of chickpea using brassicas as biofumigants