<div>Background:&nbsp;Salmonella is recognized as the most prevalent bacterial cause of foodborne diseases worldwide and animal-sourced foods have been reported as a common source of Salmonella infections among humans. 
 
Methods: The commercial chicken eggs, backyard chicken eggs, and duck eggs samples, 60 each, were processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. All Salmonella isolates were further tested for resistance against six different antibiotics. The prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in the Salmonella isolates was determined by PCR. &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 28 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an overall prevalence of 15.6% and out of them, 11.1% and 4.4% were from eggshell and egg content, respectively. All the isolates were found sensitive to Gentamicin however maximum resistance was observed against Cefotaxime. PCR results revealed that 100% of the isolates were carrying the invA gene however stn gene was detected in 78.6% of isolates. Among presumptively identified &beta;-lactam-resistant Salmonella isolates, 100% and 50% isolates harbored blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively whereas none of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene. All tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored the tetA gene whereas none of the isolates carried the tetB gene. 100% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were carrying the gyrA gene however parC gene was present only in 60% of isolates. These results indicate that drug-resistant Salmonella spp. were prevalent in eggs sold in the study area which can pose a serious public health problem.</div>

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Resistance Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Chicken and Duck Eggs in Chhattisgarh, India

<div>There has recently been an alarming increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in marine environments. In this study, an Enterococcus sp. was isolated from bacteriologic cultures of the elbow joint of an olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea ). The enterococci isolate was identified at the species level as Enterococcus faecalis using PCR and the RAPID ID 32 STREP system. Analysis of the antimicrobial resistance patterns and the antibiotic-resistance genes of the E. faecalis isolated in this study revealed multiple-antibiotic-resistance (MAR). Specifically, the isolate presented resistance to doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, spiramycin, chloramphenicol, ceftiofur, and azithromycin. We also identified the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) in the E. faecalis isolate. Further research into the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. should be conducted to promote the conservation of sea turtles.</div>

<div>Multiple-antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in an endangered olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea): A case report</div>

Background: Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases in cats caused by an imbalance between the natural host defence mechanisms of the urinary tract and virulent bacteria. This study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from cats presenting urinary tract problems to veterinary clinics in Istanbul. 
 
Methods: 100 urine samples were collected from cats by cystocentesis and plated on blood agar. Isolates found catalase and oxidase negative plated on Enterococcocel agar. After incubation, the isolates formed black colonies were tested by PCR using E. faecium and E. faecalis-specific primers. Then the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined. 
 
Result: Eight of the 100 isolates that formed black colonies on Enterococcosel agar were identified as Enterococcus spp. After PCR tests, six isolates were classified as E. faecalis, one isolate was classified as E. faecium and one isolate that did not form a band was classified as Enterococcus spp. As a result of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates, most resistance was found to cephalothin (100%) and penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline (87.5%). While vancomycin resistance was not observed in any isolate, the lowest resistance was to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (33.3%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in all (100%) isolates. The presence of multi-resistant enterococci in cats represents a significant health threat. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should always be performed in urinary tract infections to guide definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Presence of Enterococci in Cats with Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is capable of producing a wide range of virulence factors. It is a deadly bacterium that is resistant to the majority of antibiotics that are typically provided. The ability of S. aureus to establish chronic, implant associated infections and our inability to cure them, is directly associated with its biofilm formation, creating an environment where bacteria can grow and persist while protected from the host immune response and antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic resistance of S. aureus is widely spreading with low cure rate.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 62 S. aureus strains were isolated from animal pus, human pus, animal skin, human skin, mastitic milk, normal milk and unprocessed meat samples. The isolates were genotypically confirmed by 23S rRNA ribotyping for S. aureus. Using 14 antibiotics belonging to different generations were tested for their resistance pattern from various sources.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the mastitic milk, animal pus, human pus and unprocessed meat S. aureus isolates from all the places of sampling showed 100% sensitivity towards imipenem while isolates obtained from mastitic milk, human skin, animal skin showed 100% resistance towards ampicillin and ampicillin+sulbactum combination.

Resilient Staphylococcus aureus in Mastitis Milk: Insights into Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation

Background: This study investigates bacterial contaminants and pathogenic species isolated from fish pond wastewater (FPWW) in Bechar province, Southwestern Algeria and assesses their antibiotic resistance propfile. 
 
Methods: A total of 21 FPWW samples were analyzed using different culture media to isolate bacterial contaminants via the membrane filter technique. Following purification, all bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical tests and subjected to susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and the broth microdilution technique. Antimicrobial residue detection was also carried out using the microbiological tube test method (MTT). 
 
Result: We successfully isolated 68 bacterial isolates, classified into six bacterial groups: non-Enterobacteriaceae (41.18%), Enterobacteriaceae (38.24%), Streptococcaceae (8.82%), Pseudomonadaceae (7.35%), Erwiniaceae (2.94%) and Neisseriaceae (1.47%). According to the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, this distribution was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). The isolated species included Aeromonas hydrophila hydrophila, Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Kluyvera spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea spp., Chromobacterium violaceum, Salmonella choleraesuis and Vibrio spp. Susceptibility testing of the bacterial contaminants revealed variable responses among the strains, with increased resistance to &beta;-lactam antibiotics. Multidrug resistance results showed that 17 strains (25%) exhibited resistance to three to six different antibiotic classes, with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. The variability in MAR indices among bacterial groups was statistically significant (ANOVA, p = 0.0498). Furthermore, no growth-inhibiting substances were detected in the wastewater samples using the MTT method.

Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic and Bacterial Contaminants Isolated from Fish Pond Wastewater in Bechar Province, Southwestern Algeria

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the latest challenges facing the scientific community. Raising the drug resistance is caused mainly by indiscriminate usage of antibiotics in human and animal subjects and the spread of antibiotic resistance between the two has an emerging global threat. Hence, current study aimed to study the antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis affected cows.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Milk samples from mastitis affected cows were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test and screened for presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using differential growth media. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was done with the help of PCR by amplification of &lsquo;nuc&rsquo; and &lsquo;uspA&rsquo; gene respectively. MICs of Penicillin and Tetracycline were determined using microdilution method.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Antibiotic sensitivity pattern for Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline and Vancomycin were 74.19%, 100%, 93.50%, 61.29%, 29%, 35.48%, 9.70%, 9.70%, 70.96% and 70.96% &nbsp;respectively. More than 87.90% of the S. aureus and 50% of the E. coli isolated were resistant to &acirc;-lactam antibiotics while 75% of the E.coli and 65.70% of the S. aureus isolated were resistant to Tetracycline antibiotics. The MICs of Penicillin for S.aureus and E.coli are 26.88 &micro;g/ml and 13.54 &micro;g/ml respectively and the MICs of Tetracycline for S. aureus and E. coli are 243.75 &micro;g/ml and 960.93 &micro;g/ml respectively which is 8-9 folds higher than the standard MICs. From the present study, it can be inferred that bovine mastitis cases are highly resistant to antimicrobial drugs. Results further indicate that Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are both resistant to Penicillin and Tetracycline with very high MIC. &nbsp;</div>

<div>Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Mastitis Affected Dairy Cows</div>

Background: Most of the Enterobacterales strains are non-pathogenic; however, there is increasing concern that some antibiotic-resistant strains of Shigella spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Salmonella spp. could spread from animals and their by-products to humans and cause different diseases. This study aimed to isolate, characterize and assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically important Enterobacterales isolated from chicken viscera samples in Nigeria. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A total of 200 chicken viscera (intestine, gizzard, liver and crop) samples obtained from various poultry slaughterhouse outlets were analyzed using standard microbiological procedures. Using the disc diffusion technique, the detected Enterobacterales isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Results showed that Salmonella spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Shigella spp. were members of the Enterobacterales recovered from the chicken viscera samples with frequency of 88 (44%), 72 (36%), 60 (30%) and 32 (16%) respectively. Additionally, the highest frequency of Enterobacterales isolation was from chicken intestine with a frequency of 92/252 (36.5%). Generally, all the recovered Enterobacterales were resistant (100%) to tetracycline and erythromycin, except for Klebsiella spp in which 16.7% resistance frequency was observed. Resistances were also observed with ampicillin (37.5%-100%), gentamicin (34.4%-66.7%) and ciprofloxacin (12.5%-83.3%). The average multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) value of the recovered isolates in this study was 0.7. This study has shown that chicken viscera parts are contaminated by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales such as Shigella spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Salmonella spp. 
&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

High Frequency of Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales Contaminating Chicken Viscera in Nigeria: A Trigger for Foodborne Disease Outbreak

Background: This study seeks to evaluate the resistance profiles of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris in isolates from African catfish in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. 
 
Methods: A total of 74 African catfish samples were procured from 12 distinct aquaculture ponds in Banyuwangi. The catfish were intentionally selected from tarpaulin and cement ponds. The samples were categorized into two groups: G1, comprising African catfish with clinical evidence of hemorrhage and superficial ulceration and G2, consisting of those without apparent clinical symptoms. Water quality assessments were performed for each pond. Following this, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were isolated and identified from liver and skin samples utilizing MCA media, followed by Gram staining and biochemical assays. The identified bacterial isolates were sensitivity tested for beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam resistance. 
 
Result: The findings indicated that P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were present in African catfish, with prevalence rates of 4.05% (3/74) and 10.81% (8/74), respectively. P. mirabilis exhibited extremely high resistance rates against beta-lactams antibiotics Cefadroxil, Ampicillin, Penicillin and Oxacillin, with very high resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotic Erythromycin (66.7%). P. vulgaris showed extremely high resistance to beta-lactams antibiotics Penicillin and Oxacillin and very high resistance to Cefadroxil and non-beta-lactam Erythromycin (both at 62.5%), Streptomycin (50%) and Cefixime (25%). The factor influencing the presence of P. vulgaris in African catfish is the type of pond (p = 0.044). It can be concluded that the beta-lactam antibiotics exhibit the highest and most prevalent resistance on Proteus spp. isolates. Additionally, resistance to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics is also observed. Greater caution should be exercised in the administration of antibiotics in aquaculture facilities to safeguard public health.

Occurrence of Antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris in African Catfish (Clarias sp.) Isolates in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia

<div>Background: The current situation of multidrug resistant bacteria has become a worrisome issue in occurrence of disease outbreak. Multidrugresistant E. coli can be readily encountered in farms during daily clinical practice and veterinarian should act timely. Over past many reported increased incidences of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. The introduction of ESBL-producing E. coli from poultry farms to the environment may pose a health risk if these bacteria reach places where people may become exposed and we report that different methods of identifications.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 60 fecal samples were collected from apparently healthy and infected poultry in the mixed age group. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes. 
 
Result: In the present study, 40 isolates of&nbsp;E.coli were isolated from 60 faecal samples. Out of 40 isolates, 12 isolates were resistant to two or more than two antibioticsand were positive for ESBL by combination disc test. CTX-M genes were detected in 6 (50%) isolates. TEM and SHV were not detected in any of the isolates. This study showed high resistance of E. coli to antibiotics, particularly in the third generation cephalosporins but were more susceptible to Gentamicin, Aztreonarm, Cefrtrazindime and Cefotoxime. Laboratory monitoring and detection of E. coli of ESBL producing bacteria important steps in the appropriate treatment for farm based poultry industry and infection control efforts.</div>

Phenotypic Characterization and bla Gene Detection in Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Obtained from Poultry Fecal Samples

Background: Foodborne diseases are a huge social burden in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Escherichia coli is a natural inhabitant of the human and warm-blooded animal digestive tracts. It is considered as an indicator organism for direct or indirect faecal contamination of raw meats. The presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in meat accounts for a public health risk. 
 
Methods: In current study, all 39 characterized E. coli isolates recovered on screening 405 fresh meat samples collected from different butcher shops in the Udgir city, Marathwada region of Maharashtra were also tested for Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of recovered isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. 
 
Result: Overall occurrence of E. coli in fresh meats was noted to the tune of 9.63% and the corresponding group wise occurrence in chicken and chevon samples were 12% and 7.32%, respectively. All E. coli tested positive in the Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis assay, suggesting virulent nature of isolated organisms. On screening for antimicrobial resistance, these isolates were found resistant to mainly &acirc;-lactams (94.87%), lincosamides (84.62%), 4th Generation cephalosporins (82.05% each), DHFR Inhibitors (64.10%), glycopeptides (51.28%). The multidrug resistant isolates showed resistance to a minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 antibiotics with MAR index ranging from 0.27 to 0.8 and 9 resistance patterns.

The Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Multiple Drug Resistance Index Studies of E. coli from Fresh Meats in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra