<div style="text-align: justify;">Paramphistomosis is a chronic, debilitating parasitic disease of livestock prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Globally there is a heavy reliance on anthelmintics but concerns over drug resistance encourage the search for new leads. Metalloproteinases play a significant role in the biology and life cycle of parasitic helminths. The efficacy of metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-Phenanthroline (1,10-phe) which is commonly used as a specific enzyme inhibitor in biochemical assays, was tested in vitro on Gigantocotyle explanatum tegument as a marker of anthelmintic action. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the tegumental surface exhibited considerable changes in the worms treated with the metalloenzyme inhibitor, 1,10-phe. The untreated control worms appeared normal showing smooth tegumental surface with abundant dome shaped papillae in the anterior to mid region, while their density was less around the acetabulum which serves as a hold-fast organ helping the worms to remain attached in biliary passage. The 1,10-phe produced significant tegumental damage when the liver amphistomes were in vitro exposed to this compound at 12.5 &micro;M concentration. The surface changes appeared in the form of edematous ridges with prominent furrows and erosion of the dome shaped papillae with rosette shaped deep lesions as a result of which deep parenchymatous tissues were exposed. The collapse of sensory bulbs as well as sloughing of tegument, particularly in the anterior-mid region was observed. The nature of damage could be comparable to various anthelmintics used in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of direct exposure of amphistome worms to zinc metallo-enzyme inhibitor, however, further in vivo studies are required to ascertain the anthelmintic efficacy of 1,10-phe.</div>

The anthelmintic activity of 1,10-phenanthroline, a metalloenzyme inhibitor

The study was aimed at to investigate the anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cucurbita pepo against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep by scientifically validated in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro anthelmintic activity was determined by egg hatch assay, larval migration inhibition assay and larval development assay against eggs and larvae of mixed gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The extracts which were found to be effective in in vitro assays were further evaluated by in vivo faecal egg count reduction test against mixed species of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes with 3 different doses (125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1). Haematological and serum parameters were estimated before and after treatment to determine the impact of plant extracts on health of the animal. Aqueous extract of C. pepo demonstrated significant inhibition of egg hatch at 40 and 80 mg/ml. The ED50 value of egg hatch inhibition was 3.51mg/ml. In larval migration inhibition assay, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. pepo demonstrated inhibition of larval migration and the LM50 was 1.75 and 0.32 mg/ml respectively. However, in larval development assay, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed only marginal inhibition of larval development at all concentrations tested. In faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), aqueous extracts of C. pepo at 500 mg/kg caused significant reduction in eggs per gram (96.61 per cent) the reduction being higher than the result obtained with albendazole, the positive control (93.25 per cent). There was a significant difference in EPG reduction between sheep treated with albendazole and C. pepo. Haematological and serum parameters were not affected in both the treated and untreated sheep indicating that the extracts did not cause toxic effects. Based on the results obtained in this study, the aqueous extract of C. pepo possesses anthelmintic activity and could offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.

Anthelmintic evaluation of Cucurbita pepo against&nbsp;gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

<div>Background: Gastro-intestinal parasitism is an important worldwide animal ailment causing heavy production losses in grazing animals and it is more prevalent in developing countries like India, mainly due to warm temperature in association with poor management practices and inadequate control measures. It can affect production through weight loss, diarrhoea, anaemia, reduction in milk and wool production, reproduction changes and mortality in case of heavy infestations. The current study was planned to evaluate the in vivo anthelmintic activity of extracts of Carica papaya seeds in naturally-infested goats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twenty-four helminth-infested goats of either sex were randomly divided into four treatment groups (T1-T4); each having six goats and T1 served as untreated control while T2 received a single dose of albendazole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight on day zero. Group T3 and T4 were respectively treated with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Carica papaya seeds @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally daily for 30 days. Faecal egg count, haematological estimations and biochemical estimations were conducted on the zero, 10th, 20th and 30th day of the experiment. 
 
Result: Group T2, T3 and T4, showed a significant reduction in EPG count following treatment. All treated animals showed a significant increase in Hb, TEC, PCV and lymphocytes and a significant decrease in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil levels on the 20th and 30th days of the experiment. The results indicated possession of good anthelmintic activity by both extracts with better results from the alcoholic extract of Carica papaya seeds. These herbal extracts can be a safe and therapeutically efficacious alternative to standard chemical drugs.&nbsp;</div>

Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Carica papaya Seeds in Naturally Infested Goats

Background: Vaccination and deworming are routine programs in cattle health management. However, the anthelmintic&rsquo;s effectiveness on the immune response in vaccinated cattle is limited. Therefore, this study investigated whether anthelmintic administration affects the oxidative stress and immunity induced by vaccination against lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty-seven Thai beef cattle were divided into two groups. Group 1) 19 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSD virus (LSDV) vaccine as the control group and Group 2) 18 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSDV vaccine and received albendazole treatment. Then, the intensity of gastrointestinal parasite infestation, level of malondialdehyde, inflammatory cytokines and antibody titer to LSDV were investigated in both groups on day 30 of the experimental period.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the types and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites were decreased in the anthelmintic-treated group. There were no significant differences in the levels of malondialdehyde, IFN-&gamma;, TNF-&alpha; and LSD-specific antibody titers between the control and the anthelmintic treatment group (P&gt;0.05), while the expression level of IL-4 in the anthelmintic treatment group was significantly lower than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). Our study indicated that albendazole treatment did not affect oxidative stress and innate and adaptive immunity against LSDV. Moreover, single-dose albendazole therapy led to a reduction in the expression level of IL-4, which is involved in defense against parasites.

Influence of Anthelmintic Treatment on Immune Response and Oxidative Stress in Cattle Vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease

Background: Anthelmintic efficacy field surveys in dogs are extremely sparse as compared to ruminants. Therefore the present study was planned with the objective to know the status of anthelmintic resistance against Ancylostoma spp. in naturally infected dogs. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A total of 754 faecal samples of dogs were collected to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. Saturated salt floatation technique was applied for the detection of nematode eggs. Out of which forty dogs, having egg per gram of faeces (epg) more than 300 for Ancylostoma spp., were selected and randomly divided into four study groups of 10 dogs per group. Group I served as untreated control. Dogs of Group II, III and IV were given fenbandazole @ 50 mg/kg BW, pyrantel @ 15 mg/kg BW and Ivermectin @ 0.6 mg/kg BW once orally respectively. Faecal samples were collected pre-treatment on day 0 and post-treatment on days 10 and 14 from naturally infected dogs in field-trial conditions and efficacy was calculated as per standard protocol of WAAVP. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 22.41% which was comparatively higher in stray dogs, female dogs and in monsoon season. Among different parasites Ancylostoma spp. had highest prevalence (12.33%). Efficacy of fenbendazole at day 10 post infection was 96% with lower 95% confidence interval of 88%. Efficacy of pyrantel at day 10 post infection was 97% with lower 95% confidence interval of 88%. Efficacy of Ivermectin at day 10 post infection was 99% with lower 95% confidence interval of 93%. As per WAAVP guidelines, both fenbendazole and pyrantel showed suspected resistance while Ancylostoma worms were susceptible for Ivermection. All the three anthelmintic were 100% effective at day 14 post treatment.

Status of Anthelmintic Resistance against Ancylostoma spp. in Naturally Infected Dogs

Background: The present investigation was designed to investigate the protective effect of a natural product to control Anthelmintic in earthworm Eisenia fetida. We investigated the effectiveness of dried Artemisia monosperma leaves as an anthelmintic. 
 
Methods: Five groups (50, 100, 200 and mg/mL) of the AMLE extract were utilized in this study. Negative and positive controls consisted of distilled water and mebendazole (10 mg/ml). Five worms that were around the same size were placed to each Petri plate along with the test solution (20 mL) of the extract. Artemisia monosperma leaves methanolic extract was prepared and evaluated its ability in vitro as anthelmintic activity against earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The ABTS, FRPA and DPPH techniques were used to calculate the antioxidant activity. Also, the phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract was performed on GC-MS equipment. 
 
Result: Fourteen different biomolecules are predicted using GC-MS spectrum. Also, the AMLE had a greater percentage value of ABTS, FRPA and DPPH radical inhibition (94.5&plusmn;0.03 trolox/gFW, 0.8&plusmn;0.005 &micro;mol/ gFW and 92.6&plusmn;0.3%) respectively. Moreover, IC50 of AMLE was obtained at 20.5&plusmn;0.9 &micro;g/mL for the A549 and 24.3&plusmn;0.9 &micro;g/mL for MCF-7 cell lines. In comparison to AMLE, Mebendazole (10 mg/mL) produced paralysis and earthworm death by 13.91&plusmn;0.007 and 18.2&plusmn;0.980 min, respectively, while, AMLE (200 mg/mL) showed 3.860&plusmn;0.320 and 5.464&plusmn;0.422 min, respectively. The treated worms&rsquo; surface architecture also had noticeable abnormalities, according to the histological study. The result of present study revealed that AMLE leaves can serve as a good natural source of potent antioxidants and anthelminthiasis medicines. Which promotes the conduct of numerous in vivo researches to discover an efficient treatment.

Anthelmintic Activity of Artemisia monosperma Methanol Extracts against Eisenia fetida in vitro Study

<div>Background: Internal parasitosis is the most important parasitism in small ruminants in tropical region. Synthetic anthelmintics are usually used for their control. Due to the emergence of resistance in worm population, the use of alternative methods such as plants bioactive molecules are developed. This study aimed at assessing anthelmintic activity of nine varieties of Cajanus cajan, a taniferous plant cultivated in West Africa.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Leaves of the nine varieties of Cajanus cajan were dried, ground and hydroacetonic extracts were obtained by cold maceration at a concentration of 60 mg/ml. Live adult of Haemonchus contortus were obtained from sheep&rsquo;s stomach and exposed, in triplicate, to the following solutions: hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml), hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml) associated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (50 mg/ml), Levamisole (20 mg/ml) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Worm death time was recorded for each treatment.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Worms exposed to Levamisole recorded the shortest death time about 9.73&plusmn;1.77 min. The potent of the extracts induced worm death time of 64.83&plusmn;4.73 min while the least efficient induced a death time of 156.50&plusmn;23.20 min. Worms in the PBS solution were still alive after 24 hours of exposure. These results indicated that the four varieties of C. cajan used in this study have promising wormicidal. Besides that, the effect of tannins were not the only compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity.</div>

Anthelmintic Activity of Nine Varieties of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp on Haemonchus contortus from Sheep

Background: Haemonchus contortus is a blood sucking parasite whose habitat is the abomasum of ruminants, which poses a significant threat to the health and production of sheep and goats in warm temperate and tropical regions. H. contortus leads to anemia, hypoproteinemia, reduced exercise tolerance and edema subcutaneous tissue that can result in the death of animals. In acute infection, animals suddenly become anemic and many are found dead. Even in the chronic phase, the condition is accompanied by a mild but persistent parasitic burden and is characterized by weight loss, widespread malaise and, in some individuals, anemia. The objective of this study was to identify the anthelmintic activity of Croton tiglium seeds extract against Haemonchus contortus and comparison with some drugs used against internal and external parasites.

Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of Croton tiglium seeds&nbsp; against Haemonchus contortus using an adult worm motility test. Six graduated concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml), were tested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of worms were registered for 2, 4 and 6 hr. Normal RPMI-1640 medium and ivermectin 0.1% were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Also, a histological study was conducted on the the integumentary tissue of the H. contortus and the changes that occur in it were observed.

Result: At 2 and 4 h post treatment, the concentrations of C. tiglium seeds extract (100, 125, and 150 mg/ml) have caused significantly higher mortality compared to the other concentrations, while, similar to ivermectin that caused death for nematodes within 6 h. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 2, 4 and 6 h of exposure. Each concentrations damages the cuticle and muscles of H. contortus. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in damage to the integumentary. The present study indicated that all concentrations of methanolic extract of C. tiglium seeds produced anthelmintic activity.

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Croton tiglium Seeds Extract on Haemonchus contortus

<div>Background: Helminth parasites of ruminants are a major factor limiting animal production in many parts of the world. Dicrocoelium dendriticum, causes liver fluke disease in ruminants and is of zoonotic and economic importance. D. dendriticum lives in the adult stage, in the bile ducts and gallbladders of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Dicrocoeliasis causes severe pathological changes in the liver and bile system such as abscesses, granulomas and fibrosis. The objective of this study was to identify the anthelmintic activity of Vitis vinifera leaf extract against D. dendriticum and comparison with some drugs used against internal parasites. 
 
Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of V. vinifera leaf against D. dendriticum using an adult worm motility test. Six graduated concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, 100, a125 and 150 mg/ml), were tested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of worms were registered for 2, 4 and 6 hr. Normal RPMI-1640 medium and Albendazole were used as negative and positive control, respectively. 
 
Result: A significant elevation in mean inhibition of adult worm motility beginning 2 h post-exposure with 150 mg/ml of V. vinifera leaf extract and Albendazole. After 4 h of the exposure time, Albendazole and concentrations of 125 and 150 mg/ml of the extract resulted in significantly higher inhibited motility compared to the remaining concentrations below 125 mg/ml. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 6 h of exposure. Within 6 h after exposure, concentrations of 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml of V. vinifera leaf extract were more effective against adult worms than the remaining concentrations below 100 mg/ml. As the concentration and duration of exposure increased, the mortality of adult worms and also increased death for all parasites (P&lt;0.05). Each concentration damages the tegument and muscles of D. dendriticum. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in damage to the integument. The results of this investigation demonstrated the anthelmintic action of V. vinifera leaf extract.</div>

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Vitis vinifera Leaf Extract on Dicrocoelium dendriticum

<div>Background: The anthelmintic activity of Butea frondosa seed extract as an alternative to the synthetic anthelmintic against GIPs in goats was undertaken by studying EPG, body weight and hemato-biochemical parameters in the infested goats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Goats (n=18) found positive for parasitic infection by screening at Goat Research Station (GRS), AAU, Byrnihat were selected for the study. Two doses of ethanolic extract of Butea frondosa seed @ 100 mg/kg (Group A, n=6), @ 200 mg/kg (Group B, n=6) and Fentasplus @ 5 mg/kg body weight p. o. (Group C, n= 6) were given on 0th day and 14th day. Faecal and blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for a period of 42 days. 
&nbsp; 
Result: A significant decrease in the EPG count was noticed on 14th day post treatment. A significant increase in body weight and Hb, PCV, TEC, total serum protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus and significant decrease in ESR, TLC, neutrophil, eosinophil count, AST, ALT and ALP were noticed post treatment. On the basis of reduction in EPG count and improvement in body weight and haemato-biochemical parameters, it is concluded that the ethanolic extracts of Butea frondosa seed @ 200 mg/kg body weight showed better result as anthelmintic in this study.&nbsp;</div>