<div>Plants nutrients are necessary in increasing production and productivity of crops and healthy food for the world&rsquo;s ever increasing population. Today, soil management strategies are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which cause a serious threat to human health and the environment. Bio-fertilizer has been identified as an alternative for increasing soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as bio-fertilizers has become of paramount importance in agricultural sector due to their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. Bio-fertilizer can be an important component of integrated nutrients management. Microorganisms that are commonly used as bio-fertilizer components include; nitrogen fixers (N-fixer), potassium and phosphorus solubilizers, growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), endo and ecto mycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria and other useful microscopic organisms. The use of bio-fertilizers leads to improved nutrients and water uptake, plant growth and plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors. In wheat, non-symbiotic spp. like Azotobacter and streptomyces may be used as a potential source of plant growth promoter and also can reduce chemical fertilizer up to 25% with compromising yield. Thus, these potential biological fertilizers would play a key role in productivity and sustainability of soil and also in protecting the environment as eco-friendly and cost effective inputs for the farmers. This review will overview the importance of biofertilizers with different sources of chemical fertilizers in wheat.</div>


<div>Conjugation of Biofertilizers with Different Sources of Chemical Fertilizers in Wheat: A Review</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study investigated the protective capabilities of galangin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in galangal and propolis, against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), a serious complication associated with rhabdomyolysis.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Rats were pre-treated with galangin (100 mg/kg) for 21 days before receiving a glycerol single injection (50%, 10 mg/kg, intramuscular) to induce AKI. According to the findings, the kidneys in the AKI group showed notable molecular, and functional alterations.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Treatment with galangin notably reduced kidney relative weight and decreased serum levels of urea and creatinine, indicating preservation of renal function. Furthermore, the intervention lowered concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), key indicators of muscle breakdown associated with rhabdomyolysis. A remarkable finding was galangin&rsquo;s ability to enhance the endogenous antioxidant defence system. Treatment led to increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), along with elevated levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). Concurrently, galangin treatment resulted in reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, demonstrating effective suppression of oxidative stress markers. Similarly, animals receiving galangin exhibited significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1&beta; (IL-1&beta;), tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF-&alpha;), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&kappa;B). Simultaneously, there was an elevation in anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared to the untreated model group, in addition to a significant modulation of apoptotic pathways by decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, and increased in Bcl-2. The comprehensive findings from this study provide compelling evidence for galangin as a promising therapeutic agent against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury. Overall, galangin shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury.</p>


<p>Galngin Mitigates Glycerol-induced Rhabdomyolysis-associated Acute Kidney Injury by Modulating Nf-&kappa;b-mediated Cytokine Pathways and Apoptotic Responses</p>
