<div>Background: In India dairy farming is a significant part of the rural population, providing not only supplementary income and nutritional standards but also organic manures and draught power. Andhra Pradesh ranks 5th in total milk production in India with an output of 15.04 million metric tonnes and Chittoor district is one of the leading districts for dairy farming in the state. There is an increasing trend in milk production; however, the main drawback faced by the milk producers in dairy farming is the low productivity of milch animals. Assessing the economics of milk production would be extremely beneficial in planning for the improvement of productivity of dairy animals and framing policies to increase the profitability of dairy farms. 
 
Methods: Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for the present investigation. The primary data was collected from 80 respondents of which 40 each from two villages in the year 2021. The economics of milk production and the resource use efficiency of milk were computed based on collected data. 
 
Result: The per-day gross cost for maintaining local cow, crossbred cow and buffalo was found to be ₹ 161.09, ₹ 246.16 and ₹ 196.07, respectively. The overall cost per litre of milk was found to be slightly high in the case of buffalo (₹ 31.45), followed by the local cow (₹ 31.33) and crossbred cow (₹ 19.69), respectively. The net returns per litre of milk were found to be highest in the case of the crossbred cow (₹ 7.45), followed by buffalo (₹ 3.66) and local cow (₹ 0.12). It was observed that the net return per litre of milk for local cows was very less due to high feed cost, labour cost and low productivity of milk. Green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate were observed underutilized whereas labour was found to be over-utilized.</div>

Economics of Milk Production and Resource Use Efficiency of Milk Across Different Herd Size Categories in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh

Background: The increasing focus on medicinal and aromatic plants is due to their secondary metabolites (SMs), which offer a feasible alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals. O. baccatus has been historically employed in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Rabbits serve as a protein source and contribute to ecological balance. 
 
Methods: A study was performed on the phytochemical composition of the extract from O. baccatus. The antioxidant activity of O. baccatus extract was assessed in vitro using ABTS assays and the IC50 values were determined. The antiparasitic activity in vitro was evaluated using five distinct concentrations of O. baccatus extract. The extract&rsquo;s inhibition of sporulated oocysts was evaluated after 72 hours. 
 
Result: The FT-IR analysis of the C. spinosa extract revealed the presence of 12 distinct compounds. The GC-MS analysis identified approximately 11 primary biologically active compounds. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with inhibition rates varying from 93.655% to 17.255% across concentrations of 500 to 15.625 &mu;g/mL. The IC50 value was determined to be 147.032 &mu;g/mL. The antiparasitic effects were evaluated in vitro, revealing that oocysts exhibited the highest level of inhibition at concentrations of 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL.

Analysis of Secondary Metabolites (SMs) in Ochradenus baccatus Collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and its Potential Preventive Role on Coccidia that Infect Rabbits