Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly used in veterinary and animal sciences education, yet systematic performance evaluations across academic domains remain limited. This study quantitatively compared ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 in terms of answer accuracy across Animal Sciences, Paraclinical Sciences and Clinical Sciences. A dataset comprising domain-specific questions was presented to both models and responses were scored on a 10-point accuracy scale by subject matter experts. Statistical analyses including mean scores, standard deviations, paired t-tests and one-way and two-way ANOVAs were applied to assess performance differences. Results showed that ChatGPT-4.0 consistently outperformed ChatGPT-3.5 across all domains, with mean differences of +2.0 in Animal Sciences, +2.0 in Paraclinical Sciences and +1.9 in Clinical Sciences, all statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Moreover, ChatGPT-4.0 exhibited lower variability, indicating more stable accuracy. The overall two-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects for both model version (p&lt;0.001) and academic domain (p = 0.002), with no significant interaction effect. These findings demonstrate that ChatGPT-4.0 provides superior and more consistent performance in veterinary education question-answering compared to ChatGPT-3.5, supporting its adoption as a supplementary learning tool in domain-specific curricula. 
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Systematic Evaluation of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 for Accuracy and Reliability in Veterinary and Animal Science Education

Background: Research and development in animal husbandry is receiving increasing attention as society continues to develop and as consumer awareness of the nutritional value of livestock products, information about their sources and the importance of production systems and environmental impacts increases. In this context, research on the production performance, slaughtering performance and meat quality of Qinghai plateau-type yak, as a rare and important livestock resource, has become essential and the market demand for high-quality yak meat products has increased significantly. 
 
Methods: 10 yaks of 3, 4 and 5 months of age were selected at the same feeding level and 3 yaks of different months of age were randomly selected for slaughtering to determine the routine performance and meat quality and to evaluate them.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the pH of Qinghai Plateau-type yak meat differed significantly (P&lt;0.05) among yaks of different ages. There was a significant difference in the ash content of the longest dorsal muscle of yaks with increasing months of age (P&lt;0.05) and the water content of yak meat at 5 months of age decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05). The difference in arm triceps muscle was more significant (P&lt;0.05) in yaks of different months of age. There was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in drip loss rate and moisture content of other parts of different months of age.

Comparison of Production Performance, Slaughtering Performance and Meat Quality of Qinghai Plateau-Type Yaks of Different Months of Age

A study was conducted to analyse the effect of various factors on cumulative monthly milk yields in Frieswal cows at Military Dairy Farm, Meerut, over a period of eight years (2006-2013). A total of 441 part lactation records of cows born to 30 Frieswal sires were analyzed using the SAS (2002) software. The least squares&rsquo; model developed for the cumulative 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days yields accounted for 13.5, 13.5, 12.8, 12.0, 11.5, 11.6, 11.3, 10.3, 13.7 and 13.7 per cent of the total variation, respectively. The overall least squares&rsquo; averages for the cumulative 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days of first lactation yields were estimated as 313.29, 660.83, 998.19, 1321.58, 1627.06, 1916.78, 2201.26, 2445.01, 2741.04 and 2972.64 kg, respectively. &nbsp;The effects of sire, season and period of calving were found to be statistically non-significant on any of the cumulative monthly part lactation yields while the regression of monthly part yields on AFC was found to be highly significant (P&lt;0.01). Based on the results it was concluded that the AFC was the most significant factor which alters the cumulative part lactation yields in Frieswal cattle while the other factors like sire of cows, season and period of calving did not alter the part yields significantly. The cows calved during rainy season produce comparatively higher yield followed by summer and winter calvers. It may also be concluded that the genetic selection programme implemented in the Frieswal project resulted in increasing the milk production over the years of study. &nbsp;

Factors affecting first lactation cumulative monthly&nbsp;milk yields in Frieswal cattle

<div>Background: POU1F1 is known as a major candidate gene coding for pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 regulating the production of anterior pituitary hormones like GH, TSH, LH, FSH and prolactin in small ruminants. However, little is known about the genetic variability of caprine POU1F1 gene in Indian breeds. Hence, the present study aimed at the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exon 3 region of POU1F1 and their association with body weight and milk production in Malabari goats.&nbsp; 
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<div style="text-align:justify">Methods: The present study was conducted during 2016-2018 on 100 Malabari goats at the University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard phenol-chloroform method. The POU1F1 exon 3 locus was PCR amplified using appropriate primers. The 234 bp PCR product was subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis on 12% PAGE gel and silver-stained. The different SSCP patterns were sequenced and homologous sequences identified using Blast algorithms. Allelic-genotypic frequencies and the observed-expected heterozygosity at the locus were estimated. Data on body weights at birth, three, six, nine months of age and parity-wise lactation milk yield were used to find the association of POU1F1 exon 3 variants with body weights and milk yield using one-way ANOVA in General Linear Models for fixed effects.&nbsp;</div>

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<div style="text-align:justify">Result: PCR-SSCP revealed GG, GA genotypes with frequencies of 0.44 and 0.56 and G and A alleles with frequencies of 0.72 and 0.28. The observed and expected heterozygosity for the locus were 0.5657 and 0.4077 respectively. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (g. 42C&gt;T). GG homozygotes had higher body weight while GA heterozygotes had higher milk yield (p&lt;0.05). It was concluded that the polymorphic exon 3 locus significantly contributed to variation in pre-pubertal body weight and milk yield and hence may be employed in the marker-assisted selection programmes for Malabari goats.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Genetic Variability in Exon 3 Region of POU1F1 Gene and its Effect on Body Weight and Milk Yield in Malabari Goats</div>

<div>Background: Supplementation of fat, especially those having unsaturated fatty acids has been proposed to carry positive effects on the reproductive organ, beside providing dietary energy to the animals. This experiment was designed to examine the effects of dietary &omega;-3 or &omega;-6 fatty acid (FA) rich oil supplementation on blood FA, metabolite and hormone concentrations; ovarian follicular growth and corpus luteum (CL) size in Sahiwal breed heifers. 
 
Methods: Eighteen heifers of 18.33&plusmn;1.14 months of age and 194&plusmn;4.16 kg of mean body weight were randomly assigned to 3 diets and individually fed as per ICAR (2013) diets. The diets include chopped wheat straw, green fodder and concentrate mixture containing either (i) no added PUFA rich oil but palm oil @ 3.5% (PO; n=6); (ii) 3.5% added soybean oil as &omega;-6 FA source (SO; n=6); or (iii) 3.5% added linseed oil as &omega;-3 FA source (LO; n=6). 
 
Result: SO increased (P&lt;0.05) the plasma concentration of &omega;-6 FA while LO increased (P&lt;0.05) the plasma &omega;-3 FA. Plasma glucose, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was not affected due to different diets. Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in SO and LO in comparison to PO. However, LDL-cholesterol was at par among all the treatments. Growth Hormone (GH) was not influenced due to different types of oil in heifers&rsquo; concentrate mixture. Insulin concentration increased (P&lt;0.05) in LO compared to others. IGF-1 was statistically higher (P&lt;0.05) in SO and LO as compared to CON, which among themselves also varied significantly. Plasma progesterone concentration at day 12 post estrous was higher (P&lt;0.05) in LO. PUFA rich oil supplementation in the concentrate mixture of heifers (SO and LO) increased (P&lt;0.05) the size of the ovulatory follicles as well as size of CL. It was inferred that feeding PUFA rich oil to pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifer&rsquo;s results in advantageous changes in the blood metabolites, plasma hormones and ovarian functions.</div>

<div>Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids on Blood Metabolites, Hormone Concentration and Ovarian Function in Sahiwal Heifers</div>

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on performance, carcass traits of broiler chicken. For this purpose, 280 day-old commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven dietary groups with eight replicates of five birds each (7x8x5) and reared in battery brooders up to 42 days of age following standard management and vaccination schedule. The birds were offered with corn-soya based broiler pre-starter (0-11 days), starter (12-21 days) and finisher (22-42 days) diets. The control diet (T1) was prepared with sunflower oil and diets for remaining treatment groups (T2- T7) were formulated by replacing sunflower oil with different levels of linseed oil and fish oil. The experimental design consists of T1 - Control diet with sunflower oil, T2 - linseed oil @ 33% of sunflower oil, T3 - linseed oil @ 67% of sunflower oil, T4 - linseed oil @ 100%, T5 - fish oil @ 33% of sunflower oil, T6 - fish oil @ 67% of sunflower oil and T7 - fish oil @ 100%. The performance of broiler chicken was evaluated in terms of weekly body weight gain (WBWG) and Feed consumption (FC) as influenced by the supplementation of various levels of Linseed and fish oil. At the end of experiment (42nd day) one bird from each replicate (8 birds per treatment) was randomly selected for estimating slaughter parameters. Significant (P&lt;0.05) influence was noticed on the body weight gains of broilers. Feed consumption was not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced whereas, FCR was significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced. The Carcass traits like dressing yield, breast yield, liver and giblet percentage were not influenced, whereas abdominal fat percentage was significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the inclusion of n-3 fatty acid sources. The study indicated that supplementation of n-3 FA (LO or FO) sources at the level of 3.9 per cent did not cause any adverse effects on performance of broilers, carcass characteristics of meat in addition to decrease in abdominal fat percent.&nbsp;

Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids enrichment on performance&nbsp;and carcass traits of broiler chicken

<div>Background: The estimates of genetic parameters are useful in determining the appropriate method of selection that could further be implemented in the breed improvement programmes. The present study was, therefore, conducted to estimate the genetic parameters (heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations) for monthly test day (TD) milk yields, peak yield (PY) and first lactation 305 days milk yield (FL305DMY) in Murrah buffaloes. 
 
Methods: Paternal half-sib correlation method was carried out by least-squares maximum likelihood programme to estimate genetic parameters of first lactation 4,209 and 408 records of monthly test day milk yield and peak yield, respectively, of 408 Murrah buffaloes (sired by 62 bulls) calved in between 1993 and 2017 at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. 
 
Result: Heritability of FL305DMY and peak yield was estimated as 0.35&plusmn;0.17 and 0.33&plusmn;0.16, respectively. Heritability estimates for mid-lactation monthly test day milk yields were found to be moderate. Genetic correlation of monthly test day milk yields with FL305DMY was positive and highly significant for TD-4 to TD-9 and TD-11. Peak yield showed high genetic and phenotypic association with FL305DMY. High genetic and phenotypic correlation among monthly test day milk yields, peak yield and FL305DMY suggested that TD-4 to TD-9 and TD-11 test day milk yields and peak yield could be used for the selection of elite animals.</div>

<div>Genetic Analysis of First Lactation Monthly Test Day Milk Yields, Peak Yield and 305 Days Milk Yield in Murrah Buffaloes</div>

<div>Background: The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on growth, health and immune function for human is well established. Supplementation of various n-3 fatty acids into the diet of laying hens is a nutritional attempt to increase the levels of n-3 PUFA in the eggs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (SFO) as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the fatty acid composition of egg, laying performance and egg stability upon storage in laying hens.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Laying hens of 30-week age (n=168) were selected and randomly distributed into two dietary groups consisting of 14 replicates each having 6 birds in each replicate. Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric two diets were prepared with and without FSO. Daily recording of eggs, feed intake and egg collection was carried out throughout the experiment. The eggs were subjected for fat extraction and estimation of fatty acid composition.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The higher (P&lt;0.05) feed intake and lower (P&lt;0.05) egg production in groups fed FSO supplemented diet compared to those groups fed control diet. Further, improved (P&lt;0.05) feed conversion ratio among the groups fed control diet compared to those groups fed FSO supplemented diet. Eggs contained higher (P&lt;0.05) &aacute;-linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid, n3 fatty acids in groups fed FSO supplemented diets compared control diet. The stability parameters did not differ by supplementing FSO compared to groups fed control diet. Therefore, it is concluded that FSO can be supplemented up to 6% for feeding of laying hens for producing higher omega 3 fatty acids in eggs. Further, supplementation of 6% FSO did not affect the egg quality parameters upon storing for 21 days at 4&deg;C.&nbsp;Background: The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on growth, health and immune function for human is well established. Supplementation of various n-3 fatty acids into the diet of laying hens is a nutritional attempt to increase the levels of n-3 PUFA in the eggs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (SFO) as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the fatty acid composition of egg, laying performance and egg stability upon storage in laying hens.&nbsp; 
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Flaxseed Oil for Omega 3 Fatty Acids Enrichment in Eggs and Performance in Laying Chickens

Background: The present study focused on the localization and comparative expression analysis of RFRP-3 gene in the hypothalamus and testis of adult male rats.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Brain and testis tissue samples were collected from adult Wister rats and used for immunohistochemistry for identification and localization RFRP-3 producing neurons. The expression level of the RFRP-3 gene was assessed by Real-time PCR and compared with muscle tissue.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results confirmed the presence of RFRP-3 secreting neurons in the hypothalamus and in the testes. Scattered RFRP-3 in cell bodies was identified primarily in the VMH, DMH and surrounding the third ventricle of the brain. In testis, RFRP-3 was detected in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and germ cells. The expression level of RFRP-3 gene in the hypothalamus was observed to be significantly higher in hypothalamus than in testicular tissue (p&lt;0.01) of adult rats.&nbsp;

Comparative Expression Profile of RFRP-3 in Hypothalamus and Testis of Adult Rats

Background: The study aimed to measure canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) levels and their relationship with total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (fT4) in healthy and hypothyroid dogs. 
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Methods: The study involved 77 dogs, with 67 healthy and 10 hypothyroid. The serum concentration of cTSH was measured using a canine-specific TSH-ELISA kit, while TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;were measured using RIA kits. 
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Result: The Mean serum concentration of cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;in healthy dogs was 2.03&plusmn;0.01 &micro;IU/ml, 0.85&plusmn;0.04 nmol/l, 20.81&plusmn;0.79 nmol/l and 12.59&plusmn;0.35 pmol/l, respectively. Mean cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4, concentration of hypothyroid dogs was found to be 2.16&plusmn;0.03 &micro;IU/ml, 0.93&plusmn;0.07 nmol/l, 9.01&plusmn;0.69 nmol/l and 5.87&plusmn;0.82 pmol/l, respectively. Interquartile range (i.e. 25th&nbsp;to 75th&nbsp;percentile) for thyroid hormone (cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4) in healthy dogs (n = 67) were 1.96-2.11 &micro;IU/ml, 0.64-0.96 nmol/l, 16.73-25.00 nmol/l and 11.00-14.40 pmol/l, respectively and for hypothyroid dogs (n = 10) were 2.09-2.22 &micro;IU/ml, 0.73-1.12 nmol/l, 7.50-10.29 nmol/l and 4.35-7.45 pmol/l, respectively.&nbsp; A significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was recorded in healthy and hypothyroid dogs in cTSH, TT4&nbsp;and fT4. 
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Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT3), Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Free Thyroxine (fT4) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs

Systematic Evaluation of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 for Accuracy and Reliability in Veterinary and Animal Science Education

Comparison of Production Performance, Slaughtering Performance and Meat Quality of Qinghai Plateau-Type Yaks of Different Months of Age

Factors affecting first lactation cumulative monthly milk yields in Frieswal cattle

Genetic Variability in Exon 3 Region of POU1F1 Gene and its Effect on Body Weight and Milk Yield in Malabari Goats

Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids on Blood Metabolites, Hormone Concentration and Ovarian Function in Sahiwal Heifers

Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids enrichment on performance and carcass traits of broiler chicken

Genetic Analysis of First Lactation Monthly Test Day Milk Yields, Peak Yield and 305 Days Milk Yield in Murrah Buffaloes

Flaxseed Oil for Omega 3 Fatty Acids Enrichment in Eggs and Performance in Laying Chickens

Comparative Expression Profile of RFRP-3 in Hypothalamus and Testis of Adult Rats

Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT₃), Total Thyroxine (TT₄) and Free Thyroxine (fT₄) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs