<div>Background: Paddy is a very important agricultural crop of Assam occupying 71.59 per cent of its total net cropped area. Among paddy, Sali paddy occupies 78.21 per cent of total paddy area in the state. Ranjit variety of Sali paddy developed by Assam Agricultural University found to be proven variety having yield potential of 6 ton per hectare in farmer&rsquo;s field. Hence University did large scale demonstration across the state and results were encouraging. 
 
Methods: The present study was an attempt to find out the impact of improved technology in enhancing the productivity and income of paddy farmers in Assam, India. Study was conducted during the year 2021-22. Sample for the study consisted of 88 randomly selected beneficiary farmers of improved technology intervention in Sali paddy cultivation undertaken by Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat in Dibrugarh district with proven variety Ranjit.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed that there was increase of productivity of Sali paddy by 2 times, gross return and net return&nbsp; by 3.48 times and 50.37 times, respectively, due to the adoption of improved technology and Benefit-cost ratio was 2.24 with adoption and 0.95&nbsp; without improved technology. Horizontal spread of technology increased by 61.54 per cent in number and 539.67 per cent in area cultivated. These implied the positive impact of technology intervention in paddy cultivation.</div>

​Impact of Improved Technology in Enhancing Productivity and Income of Paddy Farmers in Assam- An Analysis in Dibrugarh District of Assam

<div>More than 10 million laborer have been displaced from their usual workplaces during the suddenly announced lockdown by the government of India in 2020 in order to prevent and control the spread of one of the deadliest diseases of our times namely; COVID 19, popularly known as Sars Corona Virus in March - June 2020; as per the official figures provided by the GOI. There has not been a single sector that remained unaffected from the devastating impacts of COVID-19, not even agriculture. The impact of lockdown on agriculture is hard to measure as it involves a complex relationship between multiple direct and indirect factors like labour availability, lack of supply of raw materials from the agro-industrial sector etc. The lockdown period created severe economic implications (negative) for farmers (small, marginal and large), landless laborer and all the other agricultural stakeholders who had to face new challenges for earning their livelihood. The direct loss to the agriculture sector was estimated to multi-corers by various government officials while the indirect losses may be many folds of the direct loss. The marginal income of laborers in the agriculture sector was believed to be coming close to zero due to lockdown conditions. In addition to this, smart investments, improved technologies and standardized model frameworks must be designed for the agriculture sector to combat the COVID 19 impact. The current analytical review is focused on all the major factors associated with the agriculture sector that have been highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from production, storage to procurement and selling. The lockdown has choked off almost all economic activities. In urban areas, COVID-19 forced widespread loss of jobs and incomes for informal workers. Estimated by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, unemployment shot up from 8.4% in mid-March to 23% in the first week of April 2020 further soaring to 30.9% by the end of April, 2020. We have also looked into the possible strategies that can be taken into consideration by the government as well as those associated with the agricultural-food sector. This pandemic has emerged several new challenges to the agricultural sector but has given us time to think and strategize things for better management in future. Suggestions have also been made to adopt alternate approaches and work in this newly created world with the ability of better resource handling.</div>

​Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Indian Agriculture: A Review

<div>Background: Aflatoxicosis in ducks is reckoned as a challenge for nutritionists worldwide, for its adverse impacts on growth. A study was conducted to ascertain the precise level of Aflatoxin-tolerance in White Pekin ducklings during juvenile ages. 
 
Methods: Day-old-ducklings (240) were randomly distributed into 3 experimental-groups viz., Control (&lt;0.5 ppb), T1 (200 ppb), T2 (400 ppb) and reared for measuring weekly growth, feed efficiency and blood biochemical changes, with treatments terminated at 6weeks age. 
 
Result: There was significant depression in live weights for both dietary-toxin groups from 2nd week onwards till completion. Mortality (0-6 weeks) was 85% in T2, while T1 was in between control and T2, both for mortality (45%) and morbidity. Feed-consumption and conversion for either toxin groups remained significantly (p&le;0.05) poor, with T2 resulting in erratic FCRs, ranging from 1.23 to 4.95, across weeks. A typical AFB1-induced lameness in ducklings beyond 3 weeks of AFB1-exposure, emerged as a hallmarked morbidity, in varied proportions, in T1 and T2, but not in control. The study confirms that acute-depression of juvenile growth and high-morbidity are distinct outcomes from AFB1&rsquo;s presence in Pekin diets @ 200 ppb level or higher, with such leg deformities emerging as&nbsp; hallmarked features of Pekins reared on AFB1-spiked diets. It can be concluded that, while the AFB1 content of juvenile White Pekin ducks should be kept limited to the recommended safe levels (&lt;10 ppb); exceeding a threshold of 200 ppb is sure to cause poor growth and FCR, with adverse blood biochemical changes, high mortality, morbidity and lameness.</div>

​Impact of Dietary Aflatoxin-B1 on Juvenile Growth in White Pekin Ducks

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The Kleiber ratio in a goat is an important parameter related to feeding and health care. The present study was undertaken to assess the kleiber ratio of 3079 Marwari goats (born from 2016 to 2021) of registered farmers under the All India Coordinated Research Project on goats (Marwari goat field unit) in semi-arid region of Rajasthan.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The linear mixed model used for kleiber ratio estimation included: year of birth, sex, cluster, birth type and age of dam as fixed factors.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Overall least-squares means (LSM) for Kleiber ratio (KR) from birth to 3 months (KR1), 3 to 6 months (KR2) and 6 to 12 months (KR3) were 12.89&plusmn;0.03, 9.69&plusmn;0.05 and 4.59&plusmn;0.06, respectively. Year of birth and cluster had highly significant effect on all KR. The birth type had significant on all KR except KR1. The non-significant effect of sex and age of dam were observed on all KR except KR1. The study revealed that the KR was affected by different non-genetic factors. The heritability estimates for KR1, KR2 and KR2 were 0.66&plusmn;0.28, 0.07&plusmn;0.07 and 0.54&plusmn;0.26, respectively.&nbsp;</div>

​Impact of Non-genetic Factors on Kleiber Ratio in Field Flocks of Marwari Goat

<div>Background: Limited information on impact of oil exploration on soil fertility in Nigeria is hindering the efforts toward soil improvement. Hence, the impact of oil exploration on soil fertility in four local government areas (LGA), Delta State, Nigeria was evaluated in 2020. 
 
Methods: Two LGAs in oil producing (Ukwani, Ndokwa) and non oil producing (Aniocha South, Ika South) and three communities in each LGA and one crop largely cultivated was purposely chosen. Soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm depth at 10 meters intervals along transverses cut at 100 m apart. The samples were air-dried at room temperature, crushed and made to pass 2 mm sieve. Soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium were measured. Data were statistical analyzed and least significance difference at &alpha;0.05 was used to separate means while Parker&rsquo;s nutrient index was used to rate the fertility. 
 
Result: Ukwani soil was strongly acidity (5.30), Ndokwa was moderately acidity (5.83) while Ika (6.61) and Aniocha (6.27) were slightly acidity. Organic matter (2.54 and 2.48%) and phosphorus (16.98 and 14.51 mg/kg) were medium in Ika and Aniocha whereas, both were low in Ukwani (1.49%, 10.14 mg/kg) and Ndokwa (1.74%, 12.52 mg/kg), respectively. Nitrogen was high in Ika (0.27%) and Aniocha (0.42%), medium in Ndokwa (0.18%) and low in Ukwani (0.15%). Potassium and sodium were high in Ika, Aniocha and Ukwani but medium in Ndokwa. Calcium was high in Ika, medium in Aniocha but low in Ndokwa and Ukwani. Magnesium was high in Ika, Aniocha and Ndokwa but was medium in Ukwani.&nbsp;</div>

​Impact Assessment of Oil Exploration Activities on Soil Fertility in Delta State, Nigeria

<div style="text-align:justify">Agriculture is the prime importance to human beings. Without agricultural produce, no one can imagine surviving. The influence of monsoon and market on the farm, farmer and farming sector is increasing day by day due to global warming and political interference to some extent. Considering these facts the present review report is focused on the study of the impacts of various aspects of media, market and monsoon on agriculture. This study reports that the media in spite of being the fourth pillar of democracy is not able to play its role properly either intentionally or unintentionally. Media is not giving much importance to covering the farmer&rsquo;s demands, difficulties, the monsoon forecast and the interference of the middleman/ or Dalal (i.e. intermediaries) in the market. Consequently, the condition of farmers has reached a critical situation and the cases of farmer&rsquo;s suicide have been increased abruptly in the current decade. This article is, thus, tried to report the farmer&rsquo;s pain and punctuations in their life and also reported how media and the market, like a monsoon, are exacerbating their wound in place healing. This article also discusses how media can take part in agricultural development to some extent.</div>

​Impact of Media, Market and Monsoon on Agriculture Sector: A Review

<div>Background: Plant strategies for adapting to drought could be improved by associations between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, the impact of a selected AMF complex and a selected PGPR species on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) under induced water stress was evaluated. 
 
Methods: Three different inoculation treatments were applied to tomato seedlings (a complex of AMF composed mainly of Glomus genus a Bacillus sp. PGPR treatment and a combination of both) and three different water levels (75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity). 
 
Result: A significant damaging impact of drought on tomato growth parameters and root mycorrhizal colonization, although the presence of microbes stimulated tomato plants growth and decreased the impact ofdrought stress. Indeed inoculated plants presented greater heights, fresh and dry weights, leaves number and area; greater water status; and greater proteins, sugars and chlorophylls contents either with the AMF complex or the Bacillus sp. in normal and drought stress conditions compared to the non-inoculated plants. However dual inoculation recorded the highest values under all water levels treatments.</div>

​Impact of A Selected Mycorrhizal Complex and A Rhizobacterial Species on Tomato Plants&rsquo; Growth under Water Stress Conditions

Background: An effort was made by the Ethiopian government to increase the level of technical efficiency of farmers across the country.&nbsp; However, due to climate change, smallholder farmers were facing challenges to increase technical efficiency in crop production. Adaptation to climate change is crucial to uphold and increase food crop productivity. This study analysis the impact of climate change adaptation and policy issues on food crop production efficiency in Kellem Wollega, Ethiopia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data was gathered from 400 randomly selected food crop smallholder farmers. The Cobb-Douglas production function was used by including the climate change adaptation measures as explanatory variables in technical inefficiency. Simulation was made to adaption measures that can be influenced by the policy variables to see their impact on the level of technical efficiency. 
 
Result: The finding show that the use of adaptive practices (multiple crop type, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting dates and irrigation) had a significant and positive effect on technical efficiency whereas land fragmentation reduces efficiency level. Regarding simulation of policy variables the result show that the mean technical efficiency would increase with rising level of improved crop varieties, adjusting planting dates and irrigation practices. The results of the simulation of land fragmentation climate change adaptation variables show that the mean technical efficiency declines as a result of land fragmentation. Empirical results reveal that with appropriate policy intervention (climate change adaptation measures) the technical efficiency level of food crop farmers can be enhanced.

​Impact of Policy Change on Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Small Scale Food Crop Farmers in Kellem Wollega, Ethiopia

<div>Background: Chickpea is an important legume crop that plays an important role in the food and nutritional security of people in the developing countries and contributing to protein intake. It is a soil building crop and being a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic fixation, there by helps in N cycling within the ecosystem. 
 
Methods: Cluster front line demonstrations of chickpea were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kumher, Bharatpur (Rajasthan) during Rabi season from 2016-17 to 2019-20. A total 350 front line demonstrations were conducted on chickpea in 140 ha area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of chickpea production potentials. 
 
Result: The results of the demonstrations observed that on an average yield of chickpea under improved technology ranged from 11.83 to 17.52 q/ha with a mean of 14.47 q/ha; which was 20.95 per cent more yield as compared to farmer&rsquo;s practices (11.97 q/ha). Moreover, average yield was also recorded higher under demonstration (14.47 q/ha) over district (8.17 q/ha) and State (10.74 q/ha) average. The study exhibited mean extension gap of 250.75 Kg/ha, mean technology gap of 627.75 kg/ha with mean technology index of 29.71 per cent. Higher mean net return of Rs. 46618/ha with mean B: C ratio of 3.10 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers&rsquo; practices (Rs. 36737/ha). The present study resulted to convincing the farming community for higher productivity and returns.</div>

​Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on the Yield and Economics of Chickpea under National Food Security Mission in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, India

<div>The recent developments of urban areas change the climate in the ecosystem and decreasing the arable land became the pressurized problems for all the producers of the present world. Moreover organic agriculture optimizes the application of biocomposts to improve soil fertility and productivity while minimizing the environmental implications and also it is necessary for sustainable agriculture. The study was conducted at St Josephs College for Women (A), Visakhapatnam andhra Pradesh. Agro-industrial wastes of Paddy and Coffee husk were collected and were used for the biocomposting process using Pleurotus eous, P.florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida. The vermicompost was used for the growth of black gram with 6 treatments. The plant was analyzed for root length, shoot length, number of leaves, number of nodules, fresh weight and dry weight at different stages (20,40 and 60 DAS). On 90th day the yield parameters like number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, length of the pod, weight of the seeds/pod, fresh weight and dry weight of the pod were analyzed. The experimental study results revealed that the treatment 6 (Pre decomposed Coffee husk, Consortium of Pleurotus eous, P.florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida) has shown a significant increase in root length (7.9,12.2 and 16.5 cm), shoot length (11.8, 25.8 and 30.7 cm), number of leaves(19.0,37.0 and 41.0) number of nodules(10.0,30.0 and 17.0), fresh weight (2.77,7.37 and 15.39 g) and dry weight (0.52,3.67 and 5.73 g) of the plant on 20 DAS, 40 DAS and 60 DAS and the yield parameters also showed the increase in number of pods/plant (39), number of seeds/plant (5), length of the pod (5.6 cm), weight of the seeds /pod (2.384 g), fresh weight of the pod (2.95 g) and dry weight (1.195 g) on 90th Day of black gram when in comparison with the control. It is to conclude that treatment 6 can be a better manure to enhance the growth and yield of plants and also it can be a great help for the farmers.</div>

Impact of Improved Technology in Enhancing Productivity and Income of Paddy Farmers in Assam- An Analysis in Dibrugarh District of Assam

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Indian Agriculture: A Review

Impact of Dietary Aflatoxin-B1 on Juvenile Growth in White Pekin Ducks

Impact of Non-genetic Factors on Kleiber Ratio in Field Flocks of Marwari Goat

Impact Assessment of Oil Exploration Activities on Soil Fertility in Delta State, Nigeria

Impact of Media, Market and Monsoon on Agriculture Sector: A Review

Impact of A Selected Mycorrhizal Complex and A Rhizobacterial Species on Tomato Plants’ Growth under Water Stress Conditions

Impact of Policy Change on Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Small Scale Food Crop Farmers in Kellem Wollega, Ethiopia

Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on the Yield and Economics of Chickpea under National Food Security Mission in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, India

Impact of Paddy and Coffee Husk as the Bio Compost and its Effect on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]