<div>Rubus ulmifolius Schott, commonly known as blackberry, has been widely used as a food source as well as in jams, juices, etc. for its purported medical benefits. It has also been extensively investigated for its nutritional and bioactive constituents, which might be responsible for these benefits. In general, the plant is rich in carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals. The primary carbohydrates are glucose and sucrose; while ascorbic acid has been reported to be the primary vitamin, contributing to the acidic nature of the fruits. The bioactive compounds identified in the various plant parts include polyphenols such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins and other chemicals in lesser amounts. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various parts of the plant have been investigated. The antioxidant effect has been attributed both to the presence of ascorbic acid as well as the other polyphenolic compounds. An antimicrobial activity has also been reported against the common human pathogens. This review summarizes the prevailing literature on the nutritional and bioactive composition of the plant and the evidence for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This review summarizes the prevailing literature on the nutritional and bioactive composition of the plant and the evidence for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.</div>

Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Blackberry): A Review

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising concern in the global aquaculture sector due to the rampant prophylactic use of antibiotics. This study is aimed to determine the AMR pattern in freshwater ornamental fishes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified from infected Guppy and Molly collected from ornamental fish farms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) using disc diffusion with 36 antibiotics was performed following the disc diffusion method. The resistance gene cassettes such as Class 1 and Class 2 integron were also detected from resolved isolates.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. sobria, Bacillus subtilis, Comamonas testosteroni, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Kurthia gibsonii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Shannon Weiner diversity index of resolved isolates was found to be 1.366 and 2.101 for Guppy and Molly, respectively. ABST results showed an elevated resistance pattern for A. veronii, E. faecalis (Guppy), K. aerogenes, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, C. testosteroni (Molly) with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (&gt;0.33). Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to sulphafurazole, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Detection of class 1 integron in genomic and plasmid DNA reminds the rapid spread of the AMR gene through horizontal gene transfer.</div>

Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Blackberry): A Review

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes