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Research Article

volume 52 issue 10 (october 2018) : 1428-1432,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-959

Effects of 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on ovarian tissue using histopathological examination and FSH, LH, CYP1A, and CYP3A expressions using qRT-PCR in the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

H
Harun Arslan
1Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
Cite article:- Arslan Harun (2018). Effects of 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on ovarian tissue using histopathological examination and FSH, LH, CYP1A, and CYP3A expressions using qRT-PCR in the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(10): 1428-1432. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-959.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the main aim was  to identify the effects of exposure to 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp. For this purpose, histopathological changes were evaluated in ovaries after 21 days of contraceptive exposure. In addition, the expression levels of the CYP1A, CYP3A, FSH, and LH genes were measured in contraceptive-exposed brain tissue and ovaries respectively, using qRT-PCR (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). No histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, or necrosis in the evaluated ovarian tissue of common carp were found after both high and low levels of exposure to contraceptives. Therefore, it is concluded that these contraceptives were highly dangerous to the reproduction system of common carp; the accumulation of contraceptive waste in the water supply could adversely affect and threat the common carp population. This may indirectly also affect other animals.

REFERENCES

  1. Dirican, S., Cilek, S., Ciftci, H., Biyikoglu, M., Karacinar, S., Yokus, A., (2015). Studies on copper, silver and zinc concentrations in muscle and liver of Barbus plebejus, Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus cephalus from Kilickaya Reservoir in Turkey. Indian Journal Of Animal Research. 49: 55-58.
  2. Dzul-Caamal, R., Domínguez-López, M.L., García-Latorre, E., Vega-López, A., (2012). Implications of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, aryl-esterase and oxonase activity in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of Chirostoma jordani treated with phosphorothionate pesticides. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf 84: 199–206.
  3. Gibson, R., Smith, M.D., Spary, C.J., Tyler, C.R., Hill, E.M., (2005). Mixtures of estrogenic contaminants in bile of fish exposed to wastewater treatment works effluents Environ. Sci. Technol 39: 2461–2471.
  4. Harding, L.B., Schultz, I.R., Silva, D.A.M., Ylitalo, G.M., Ragsdale, D., Harris, S.I., Bailey, S., Pepich, B.V., Swanson, P., (2016). Wastewater treatment plant effluent alters pituitary gland gonadotropin mRNA levels in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquatic Toxicology 178: 118–131.
  5. Harding, L.B., Schultz, I.R., Goetz, G.W., Luckenbach, J.A., Young, G., Goetz, F.W., Swanson, P., (2013). High-throughput sequencing and pathway analysis reveal alteration of the pituitary transcriptome by 17á-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in female coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquat. Toxicol 142-143: 146–163.
  6. Harris, C.A., Santos, E.M., Janbakhsh, A., Pottinger, T.G., Tyler, C.R., Sumpter, J.P., (2001). Nonylphenol affects gonadotropin levels in the pituitary gland and plasma of female rainbow trout. Envýronmental scýence & technology 35: 2909-2916.
  7. Hu, S., Zhang, H., Shen, G., Yuan, Z., Xu, T., Ji, R., (2017). Effects of 17b-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol on the embryonic development of the clearhead icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius). Chemosphere 176: 18-24. 
  8. Huang, B., Li, X., Sun, W., Ren, D., Li, X., Li, X., Liu, Y., L, Q., Pan, X., (2014). Occurrence, removal, and fate of progestogens, androgens, estrogens, and phenols in six sewage treatment plants around Dianchi Lake in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res 21: 12898–12908.
  9. Huang, B., Sun, W., Li, X., Liu, J., Li, Q., Wang, R., Xuejun, P., (2015). Effects and bioaccumulation of 17â-estradiol and 17á-    ethynylestradiol following long-term exposure in crucian carp. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 112: 169–176. 
  10. Jeon, H.J., Lee, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Choi, S.D., Park, B.J., Lee, S.E., (2016). Integrated biomarkers induced by chlorpyrifos in two different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 43: 166-74.
  11. Jobling, S., Nolan, M., Tyler, R., Brighty, G., Sumpter, J.P., (1998). Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Environ. Sci. Technol 32: 2498-2506.
  12. Karataþ, Tayfun., (2016). Effects of deltamethrin on some haematological parameters of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Indian Journal Of Animal Research 50-1:89-92.
  13. Karataþ, Tayfun., Albayrak, Mevlut., (2018). Determination of diazinon effects on some haematological parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Indian Journal Of Animal Research 52-(3):413-415.
  14. Kagawa, H., (2013). Oogenesis in Teleost Fish. Aqua-BioScience Monographs 6: 99–127.
  15. Lange, A., Paull, G.C., Coe, T.S., (2009). Sexual reprogramming and estrogenic sensitization in wild fish exposed to ethinylestradiol. Environ. Sci. Technol 43: 1219-1225.
  16. Lei, B., Huang, S., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Z., (2009). Levels of six estrogens in water and sediment from three rivers in Tianjin area, China. Chemosphere 76: 36–42.
  17. León-Olea, M., Martyniuk, C.J., Orlando, E.F., Ottinger, M.A., Rosenfeld, C.S., Wolstenholme, J.T., Trudeau, V.L., (2014). Current concepts in neuroendocrine disruption. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 203: 158–173.
  18. Liang, Q.H., Gong, W., Zheng, D.M., Zhong, R.S., Wen, Y.J., Wang, X.D., (2017). The influence of maternal exposure history to virus and medicine during pregnancy on congenital heart defects of fetus. Environmental Science And Pollution Research. 24-6: 5628-5632.
  19. Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25: 402-408.
  20. Thorpe, K.L., Maack, G., Benstead, R., Tyler, C.R., (2009). Estrogenic wastewater treatment works effluents reduce egg production in fish. Environ. Sci. Technol 43: 2976-2982.
  21. Tyler, C.R., Spary, C., Gibson, R., Santos, E.M., Shears, J., Hill, E.M., (2005). Accounting for differences in estrogenic responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss: Salmonidae) and roach (Rutilusrutilus: Cyprinidae) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment Works Environ. Sci. Technol 39: 2599–2607.
  22. Vajda, A.M., Barber, L.B., Gray, J.L., Lopez, E.M., Woodling, J.D., (2008). Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol 42: 3407-3414.
  23. Versonnen, B.J. and Janssen, C.R., (2004). Xenoestrogenic effects of ethinylestradiol in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Toxicol 19: 198-206.
  24. Xing, H., Zhang, Z., Yao, H., Liu, T., Wang, L., Xu, S., Li, S., (2014). Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on cytochrome P450 in common carp liver. Chemosphere 104: 244–250.
  25. Ziylan, A. and Ince, N.H., (2011). The occurrence and fate of anti-infammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water: treatability by conventional and non-conventional processes. J. Hazard. Mater 187: 24-36. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 10 (october 2018) : 1428-1432,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-959

    Effects of 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on ovarian tissue using histopathological examination and FSH, LH, CYP1A, and CYP3A expressions using qRT-PCR in the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

    H
    Harun Arslan
    1Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
    Cite article:- Arslan Harun (2018). Effects of 17&aacute;-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on ovarian tissue using histopathological examination and FSH, LH, CYP1A, and CYP3A expressions using qRT-PCR in the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(10): 1428-1432. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-959.

    ABSTRACT

    In this study, the main aim was  to identify the effects of exposure to 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp. For this purpose, histopathological changes were evaluated in ovaries after 21 days of contraceptive exposure. In addition, the expression levels of the CYP1A, CYP3A, FSH, and LH genes were measured in contraceptive-exposed brain tissue and ovaries respectively, using qRT-PCR (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). No histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, or necrosis in the evaluated ovarian tissue of common carp were found after both high and low levels of exposure to contraceptives. Therefore, it is concluded that these contraceptives were highly dangerous to the reproduction system of common carp; the accumulation of contraceptive waste in the water supply could adversely affect and threat the common carp population. This may indirectly also affect other animals.

    REFERENCES

    1. Dirican, S., Cilek, S., Ciftci, H., Biyikoglu, M., Karacinar, S., Yokus, A., (2015). Studies on copper, silver and zinc concentrations in muscle and liver of Barbus plebejus, Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus cephalus from Kilickaya Reservoir in Turkey. Indian Journal Of Animal Research. 49: 55-58.
    2. Dzul-Caamal, R., Domínguez-López, M.L., García-Latorre, E., Vega-López, A., (2012). Implications of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, aryl-esterase and oxonase activity in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of Chirostoma jordani treated with phosphorothionate pesticides. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf 84: 199–206.
    3. Gibson, R., Smith, M.D., Spary, C.J., Tyler, C.R., Hill, E.M., (2005). Mixtures of estrogenic contaminants in bile of fish exposed to wastewater treatment works effluents Environ. Sci. Technol 39: 2461–2471.
    4. Harding, L.B., Schultz, I.R., Silva, D.A.M., Ylitalo, G.M., Ragsdale, D., Harris, S.I., Bailey, S., Pepich, B.V., Swanson, P., (2016). Wastewater treatment plant effluent alters pituitary gland gonadotropin mRNA levels in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquatic Toxicology 178: 118–131.
    5. Harding, L.B., Schultz, I.R., Goetz, G.W., Luckenbach, J.A., Young, G., Goetz, F.W., Swanson, P., (2013). High-throughput sequencing and pathway analysis reveal alteration of the pituitary transcriptome by 17á-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in female coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquat. Toxicol 142-143: 146–163.
    6. Harris, C.A., Santos, E.M., Janbakhsh, A., Pottinger, T.G., Tyler, C.R., Sumpter, J.P., (2001). Nonylphenol affects gonadotropin levels in the pituitary gland and plasma of female rainbow trout. Envýronmental scýence & technology 35: 2909-2916.
    7. Hu, S., Zhang, H., Shen, G., Yuan, Z., Xu, T., Ji, R., (2017). Effects of 17b-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol on the embryonic development of the clearhead icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius). Chemosphere 176: 18-24. 
    8. Huang, B., Li, X., Sun, W., Ren, D., Li, X., Li, X., Liu, Y., L, Q., Pan, X., (2014). Occurrence, removal, and fate of progestogens, androgens, estrogens, and phenols in six sewage treatment plants around Dianchi Lake in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res 21: 12898–12908.
    9. Huang, B., Sun, W., Li, X., Liu, J., Li, Q., Wang, R., Xuejun, P., (2015). Effects and bioaccumulation of 17â-estradiol and 17á-    ethynylestradiol following long-term exposure in crucian carp. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 112: 169–176. 
    10. Jeon, H.J., Lee, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Choi, S.D., Park, B.J., Lee, S.E., (2016). Integrated biomarkers induced by chlorpyrifos in two different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 43: 166-74.
    11. Jobling, S., Nolan, M., Tyler, R., Brighty, G., Sumpter, J.P., (1998). Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Environ. Sci. Technol 32: 2498-2506.
    12. Karataþ, Tayfun., (2016). Effects of deltamethrin on some haematological parameters of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Indian Journal Of Animal Research 50-1:89-92.
    13. Karataþ, Tayfun., Albayrak, Mevlut., (2018). Determination of diazinon effects on some haematological parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Indian Journal Of Animal Research 52-(3):413-415.
    14. Kagawa, H., (2013). Oogenesis in Teleost Fish. Aqua-BioScience Monographs 6: 99–127.
    15. Lange, A., Paull, G.C., Coe, T.S., (2009). Sexual reprogramming and estrogenic sensitization in wild fish exposed to ethinylestradiol. Environ. Sci. Technol 43: 1219-1225.
    16. Lei, B., Huang, S., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Z., (2009). Levels of six estrogens in water and sediment from three rivers in Tianjin area, China. Chemosphere 76: 36–42.
    17. León-Olea, M., Martyniuk, C.J., Orlando, E.F., Ottinger, M.A., Rosenfeld, C.S., Wolstenholme, J.T., Trudeau, V.L., (2014). Current concepts in neuroendocrine disruption. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 203: 158–173.
    18. Liang, Q.H., Gong, W., Zheng, D.M., Zhong, R.S., Wen, Y.J., Wang, X.D., (2017). The influence of maternal exposure history to virus and medicine during pregnancy on congenital heart defects of fetus. Environmental Science And Pollution Research. 24-6: 5628-5632.
    19. Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25: 402-408.
    20. Thorpe, K.L., Maack, G., Benstead, R., Tyler, C.R., (2009). Estrogenic wastewater treatment works effluents reduce egg production in fish. Environ. Sci. Technol 43: 2976-2982.
    21. Tyler, C.R., Spary, C., Gibson, R., Santos, E.M., Shears, J., Hill, E.M., (2005). Accounting for differences in estrogenic responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss: Salmonidae) and roach (Rutilusrutilus: Cyprinidae) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment Works Environ. Sci. Technol 39: 2599–2607.
    22. Vajda, A.M., Barber, L.B., Gray, J.L., Lopez, E.M., Woodling, J.D., (2008). Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol 42: 3407-3414.
    23. Versonnen, B.J. and Janssen, C.R., (2004). Xenoestrogenic effects of ethinylestradiol in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Toxicol 19: 198-206.
    24. Xing, H., Zhang, Z., Yao, H., Liu, T., Wang, L., Xu, S., Li, S., (2014). Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on cytochrome P450 in common carp liver. Chemosphere 104: 244–250.
    25. Ziylan, A. and Ince, N.H., (2011). The occurrence and fate of anti-infammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water: treatability by conventional and non-conventional processes. J. Hazard. Mater 187: 24-36. 
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