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Research Article

volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1217-1222,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-866

Effect of Strelitzia nicolai seed arils containing bilirubin on Sprague Dawley rats

D
Depika Dwarka
S
Sanil Singh
V
Veneesha Thaver
H
Himansu Baijnath
1School of Biological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
Cite article:- Dwarka Depika, Singh Sanil, Thaver Veneesha, Baijnath Himansu (2019). Effect of Strelitzia nicolai seed arils containing bilirubin on Sprague Dawley rats. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1217-1222. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-866.

ABSTRACT

The discovery of the only human pigment bilirubin in the arils of Strelitzia nicolai, has opened up a new avenue in medical sciences. Previously, bilirubin was regarded as a toxic compound. Conversely, current case studies show somewhat pre-eminent levels of bilirubin in the body can act as a powerful antioxidant. This study attempted to provide a basis for identifying potential acute toxicities related to arils that comprise bilirubin. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group A was the control and was administered 1% Tween 20. The other groups were orally dosed with the seed aril extract (250ìg/ml/kgbwt) once a day. After 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours one experimental group and the control were sacrificed. Haematological and histological studies indicated a possibility of kidney damage. However, the possibility of the extract causing this damage can be ruled out because this trend was seen in the control groups as well. This study reveals that an acute trial is insufficient in order to determine the toxicity of this extract. Further chronic studies need to be carried out.

REFERENCES

  1. Beetham, R. and Cattell, W. R. (1993). Proteinuria: pathophysiology, significance and recommendations for measurement in clinical practice. Ann Clin Biochem 30:425-434. 
  2. Berardi, R.R and Montgomery, P.A. (2005). Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 721–736.
  3. Bhutani, V.K., Johnson, L.H. and Shapiro, S.M. (2004). Kernicterus in sick and preterm infants (1999-2002): A need for an effective preventive approach. Semin Perinatol. 28:319–25.
  4. Brierley, C.H. and Burchell, B.(1993). Human UDP-glucuronosyl transferases: chemical defence, jaundice and gene therapy. Bioessays 15:749–754.
  5. Bureau, C., Métivier, S., D’Amico, M., Péron, J.M., Otal. P., Pagan, J.C., Chabbert, V., et al. (2011). Serum bilirubin and platelet count: a simple predictive model for survival in patients with refractory ascites treated by TIPS. J Hepatol. 54(5):901-7. 
  6. Dwarka, D., Thaver, V., Naidu, M. and Baijnath, H. (2017)a. New insights into the presence of bilirubin in a plant species Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae). African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14(2):253-262.
  7. Dwarka, D., Thaver, V., Naidu, M.., Koorbanally N. and Baijnath, H. (2017)b. In vitro chemo-preventative activity of Strelitzia nicolai aril extract containing bilirubin. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14(3): 147–156
  8. Henricksen, J.H., Siemssen, O., Krintel, J.J., Malchow-Møller, A., Bendtsen, F. and Ring-Larsen. (2001). Dynamics of albumin in plasma and acidic fluid in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol . 34: 53-60.
  9. Hopkins, P. N., Wu, L. L., Hunt, S. C., James, B. C., Vincent, G. M., and Williams, R. R. (1996). Higher serum bilirubin is associated with decreased risk for early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16: 250–258.
  10. Hull, T. D. and Agarwal, A. (2014). The mononuclear phagocyte system in homeostasis and disease: a role for heme oxygenase-    1. Antioxid Redox Signal. 20:1770–1788
  11. Iseki, K., Ikemiya, Y., Iseki, C. and Takishita, S. (2003). Proteinuria and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 63:1468-1474.
  12. Knight, T.R., Kurtz, A., Bajt, M.L., Hinson, J.A. and Jaeschke, H. (2001). Vascular and hepatocelular peroxynitrite formation during acetaminophen toxicity: role of mitochondrial oxidant stress. Toxicol. Sci. 62: 212-220.
  13. Lister, R.G., LeDuc, B.W., Greenblatt, D.J. and File, S.E. (1987). Poor bioavailability of CGS 8216 in a water/Tween vehicle following intraperitoneal injection. Psychopharmacology 91:260- 261. 
  14. Loscher, W., Nolting, B. and Fassbender, C.P. (1990). The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsan the influence of administration vehicles. EDileDsv Res. 7:173-18.
  15. Lyons, O., Whelan, B., Bennett, K., O’Riordan, D. and Silke, B. (2010). Serum albumin as an outcome predictor in hospital emergency medical admissions. Eur J Int Med. 21: 17–20.
  16. Pirone C. (2010). Bilirubin: An Animal Pigment in the Zingiberales and Diverse Angiosperm Orders. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 336. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/336.
  17. Schiff, D, Chan G and Poznasky, M.J. (1985) Bilirubin toxicity in neural cell lines N115 and NBR10A. Pediatr Res. 19 (9): 908–911.
  18. Stocker, R., Yamamoto, Y., McDonagh, A.F., Glazer, A.N. and Ames, B.N. (1987). Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 235: 1043–1048.
  19. Tenhunen, R, Marver, H.S and Schmid, R. (1969). Microsomal heme oxygenase: characterization of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 244:6388–    6394.
  20. Van Wyk. (1993). A photographic guide to trees of Southern Africa., Briza Publications, Pretoria.
  21. Vroon, D.H. and Israili, Z. (1990). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Butterworths. Boston: 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1217-1222,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-866

    Effect of Strelitzia nicolai seed arils containing bilirubin on Sprague Dawley rats

    D
    Depika Dwarka
    S
    Sanil Singh
    V
    Veneesha Thaver
    H
    Himansu Baijnath
    1School of Biological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
    Cite article:- Dwarka Depika, Singh Sanil, Thaver Veneesha, Baijnath Himansu (2019). Effect of Strelitzia nicolai seed arils containing bilirubin on Sprague Dawley rats. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1217-1222. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-866.

    ABSTRACT

    The discovery of the only human pigment bilirubin in the arils of Strelitzia nicolai, has opened up a new avenue in medical sciences. Previously, bilirubin was regarded as a toxic compound. Conversely, current case studies show somewhat pre-eminent levels of bilirubin in the body can act as a powerful antioxidant. This study attempted to provide a basis for identifying potential acute toxicities related to arils that comprise bilirubin. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group A was the control and was administered 1% Tween 20. The other groups were orally dosed with the seed aril extract (250ìg/ml/kgbwt) once a day. After 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours one experimental group and the control were sacrificed. Haematological and histological studies indicated a possibility of kidney damage. However, the possibility of the extract causing this damage can be ruled out because this trend was seen in the control groups as well. This study reveals that an acute trial is insufficient in order to determine the toxicity of this extract. Further chronic studies need to be carried out.

    REFERENCES

    1. Beetham, R. and Cattell, W. R. (1993). Proteinuria: pathophysiology, significance and recommendations for measurement in clinical practice. Ann Clin Biochem 30:425-434. 
    2. Berardi, R.R and Montgomery, P.A. (2005). Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 721–736.
    3. Bhutani, V.K., Johnson, L.H. and Shapiro, S.M. (2004). Kernicterus in sick and preterm infants (1999-2002): A need for an effective preventive approach. Semin Perinatol. 28:319–25.
    4. Brierley, C.H. and Burchell, B.(1993). Human UDP-glucuronosyl transferases: chemical defence, jaundice and gene therapy. Bioessays 15:749–754.
    5. Bureau, C., Métivier, S., D’Amico, M., Péron, J.M., Otal. P., Pagan, J.C., Chabbert, V., et al. (2011). Serum bilirubin and platelet count: a simple predictive model for survival in patients with refractory ascites treated by TIPS. J Hepatol. 54(5):901-7. 
    6. Dwarka, D., Thaver, V., Naidu, M. and Baijnath, H. (2017)a. New insights into the presence of bilirubin in a plant species Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae). African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14(2):253-262.
    7. Dwarka, D., Thaver, V., Naidu, M.., Koorbanally N. and Baijnath, H. (2017)b. In vitro chemo-preventative activity of Strelitzia nicolai aril extract containing bilirubin. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14(3): 147–156
    8. Henricksen, J.H., Siemssen, O., Krintel, J.J., Malchow-Møller, A., Bendtsen, F. and Ring-Larsen. (2001). Dynamics of albumin in plasma and acidic fluid in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol . 34: 53-60.
    9. Hopkins, P. N., Wu, L. L., Hunt, S. C., James, B. C., Vincent, G. M., and Williams, R. R. (1996). Higher serum bilirubin is associated with decreased risk for early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16: 250–258.
    10. Hull, T. D. and Agarwal, A. (2014). The mononuclear phagocyte system in homeostasis and disease: a role for heme oxygenase-    1. Antioxid Redox Signal. 20:1770–1788
    11. Iseki, K., Ikemiya, Y., Iseki, C. and Takishita, S. (2003). Proteinuria and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 63:1468-1474.
    12. Knight, T.R., Kurtz, A., Bajt, M.L., Hinson, J.A. and Jaeschke, H. (2001). Vascular and hepatocelular peroxynitrite formation during acetaminophen toxicity: role of mitochondrial oxidant stress. Toxicol. Sci. 62: 212-220.
    13. Lister, R.G., LeDuc, B.W., Greenblatt, D.J. and File, S.E. (1987). Poor bioavailability of CGS 8216 in a water/Tween vehicle following intraperitoneal injection. Psychopharmacology 91:260- 261. 
    14. Loscher, W., Nolting, B. and Fassbender, C.P. (1990). The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsan the influence of administration vehicles. EDileDsv Res. 7:173-18.
    15. Lyons, O., Whelan, B., Bennett, K., O’Riordan, D. and Silke, B. (2010). Serum albumin as an outcome predictor in hospital emergency medical admissions. Eur J Int Med. 21: 17–20.
    16. Pirone C. (2010). Bilirubin: An Animal Pigment in the Zingiberales and Diverse Angiosperm Orders. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 336. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/336.
    17. Schiff, D, Chan G and Poznasky, M.J. (1985) Bilirubin toxicity in neural cell lines N115 and NBR10A. Pediatr Res. 19 (9): 908–911.
    18. Stocker, R., Yamamoto, Y., McDonagh, A.F., Glazer, A.N. and Ames, B.N. (1987). Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 235: 1043–1048.
    19. Tenhunen, R, Marver, H.S and Schmid, R. (1969). Microsomal heme oxygenase: characterization of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 244:6388–    6394.
    20. Van Wyk. (1993). A photographic guide to trees of Southern Africa., Briza Publications, Pretoria.
    21. Vroon, D.H. and Israili, Z. (1990). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Butterworths. Boston: 
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