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Research Article

volume 53 issue 7 (july 2019) : 932-937,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-769

Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers

Q
Qamar-un-Nisa
M
Muhammad Younus
M
Muti-ur-Rehman Khan
A
Azhar Maqbool
S
Sajid Umar
1Department of Pathobiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Cite article:- Qamar-un-Nisa, Younus Muhammad, Khan Muti-ur-Rehman, Maqbool Azhar, Umar Sajid (2017). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(7): 932-937. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-769.

ABSTRACT

Respiratory diseases are responsible for major economic losses in poultry farms. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections cause huge economic losses in poultry industry especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens. The purpose of this study was to assess the less understood effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on the replication and immune responses of NDV in broiler chicken. Three-week-old commercial broiler chickens were inoculated with either  NDV, MG or both etiological agents. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control (Group C), Mycoplasma challenged (Group M), NDV challenged (Group V) and virus and Mycoplasma challenged (Group V+M). Blood samples and swabs were collected on daily basis for two weeks. All infected birds showed positive results for NDV shedding, however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, with birds of the group V+M showing more pronounced virus shedding than the birds in the group V. In addition, birds of V+M group showed significant reduction in anti-AI antibody responses and interferon gene expression than the birds in the V group. The present study revealed that MG could facilitate replication of NDV by bringing alterations in immune responses.

REFERENCES

  1. Agüero, J.A., Aguilar-Bultet, L., Rodríguez, A. (2015). Molecular cloning and expression of a computationally predicted surface antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Revis. de. Salud. Anim.,37 (1): 21-26.
  2. Alexander, D.J., Senne, D.A. (2008). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and pneumovirus infections. In Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn, pp. 75–115. Edited by Y. M. Saif. Ames, IA: Blackwell.
  3. Bharath, N., Chinnipreetam,V., Ravinder Reddy,V., Panda. A.K. (2017). Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids enrichment on performanceand carcass traits of broiler chicken. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 489-494.
  4. Dhabhar, F.S. (2014). Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful.Immunol. Res.,58(2-3): 193-210.
  5. Feberwee, A., Mekkes, D.R., de Wit, J.J., Hartman, E.G., Pijpers, A. (2005). Comparison of culture, PCR and different serological tests for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae infections. Avian. Dis.,49: 260-268.
  6. Kaerber, G. (1931). 50% End-point calculation. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol.,162: 480–483.
  7. Kishida, N., Sakoda, Y., Eto, M., Sunaga, Y., Kida, H. (2004). Co-infectionof Staphylococcus aureusor Haemophilus paragallinarum exacerbates H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens. Arch. Virol.,149: 2095–2104.
  8. Kocasari, F., Yurdakul,O.K., Kart, A., Yalcin, H., Bayezit, E.K. (2017). Few heavy metal levels in certain tissues of cattle in Burdur of Turkey. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 759-761.
  9. Marien, M., Nauwynck, H., Duchateau, L., Martel, A., Chiers, K., Devriese, L., Froyman, R., Decostere, A. (2006). Comparison of the efficacy of four antimicrobial treatment schemes against experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkey poults pre-infected with avian pneumovirus.Avian. Path.,35(3): 230-237.
  10. Michiels, T., Welby, S., Vanrobaeys, M., Quinet, C., Rouffaer, L., Lens, L., Martel, A., Butaye, P. (2016). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium.Avian. Pathol.,45(2): 244-252.
  11. Miller, P.J., Afonso, C.L., El Attrache, J., Dorsey, K.M., Courtney, S.C., Guo, Z., Kapczynski, D.R. (2013). Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses.Dev. Comp. Immunol.,41(4): 505-513.
  12. Nakamura, S., Davis, K.M., Weiser, J.N. (2011). Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice.J. Clin. Invest.121(9): 3657- 3765
  13. Pan, Q., Liu, A., Zhang, F., Ling, Y., Ou, C., Hou, N., He, C. (2012). Co-infection of broilers with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and H9N2 avian influenza virus. BMC. Vet. Res.,8: 104-110.
  14. Panda, A., Huang, Z., Elankumaran, S., Rockemann, D.D., Samal, S.K. (2004). Role of fusion protein cleavage site in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus.Microb. Pathogenesis.,36(1): 1-10.
  15. Raviv, Z., Ferguson-Noel, N., Laibinis, N., Wooten, R., Kleven, S.H. (2007). Role of Mycoplasma synoviae in Commercial Layer Escherichia coli Peritonitis Syndrome. Avian. Dis.,51: 685–690.
  16. Reuter, A., Soubies, S., Hartle, S., Schusser, B., Kaspers, B., Staeheli, P., Rubbenstroth, D. (2014). Antiviral activity of lambda interferon in chickens. J. Virol.,88: 2835–2843.
  17. Rue, C.A., Susta, L., Cornax, I., Brown, C.C., Kapczynski, D.R., Suarez, D.L., King, D.J., Miller, P.J., Afonso, C.L. (2011). Virulent Newcastle disease virus elicits a strong innate immune response in chickens.J. Gen. Virol.,92(4): 931-939. 
  18. Saif, Y.M., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., Mcdougald, l. R. (2008). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and pneumovirus infections in Diseases of Poultry, pp. 75–93, 12th edition. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA.
  19. Sid, H., Hartmann, S., Petersen, H., Ryll, M., Rautenschlein, S. (2016). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza A virus in the avian tracheal epithelium Int. J. Med. Microbiol.,306: 174–186.
  20. Stipkovits, L., Egyed, L., Palfi, V., Beres, A., Pitlik, E., Somogyi, M., Szathmary, S., Denes, B. (2012a). Effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus H3N8 infection on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. Avian. Pathol., 41: 51–57.
  21. Stipkovits, L., Glavits, R., Palfi, V., Beres, A., Egyed, L., Denes, B., Somogyi, M., Szathmary, S. (2012b). Pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet. Pathol.,49: 273–283.
  22. Tashiro M., Ciborowski P., Klenk H.D., Pulverer G., Rott R. (1987). Role of staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia. Nature 325:536-537.
  23. Umar, S., Younus, M., Rehman, M.U., Aslam, A., Shah, M.A.A., Munir, M.T., Hussain, S., Iqbal, F., Fiaz, M., Ullah, S. (2015). Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys. Avian. Pathol.,44(4): 305-310.
  24. Umar, S. (2017) Emergence of new sub-genotypes of Newcastle disease virus in Pakistan. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 73: 567-580. DOI: https:/    /doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000411.
  25. Umar,S., Subhan,S., Azam,T., Munir,M.T., Shah,M.A.A. (2017). Mycoplasmosis in poultry: update on diagnosis and preventive measures.World’s Poult. Sci. J. 73:17-28.
  26. Zia, W.M., Khalique,A., Naveed. S., Hussain. J. (2017a). Studies on growth pattern of different body measurements in indigenous Aseel chicken fed with selenium supplemented diets. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 679-686.
  27. Zia, W.M., Khalique,A., Naveed. S., Hussain. J., Ahmad,M.S. ( 2017b). Comparative evaluation of influence of dietary organic and inorganic selenium supplement on growth performance of indigenous Aseel chickens. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 478-488.
  28. Zhang, J., Kaiser, M.G., Herrmann, M.S., Gallardo, R.A., Bunn, D.A., Zhou, H., Lamont, S.J. (2016). RNA-seq analysis reveals distinct splenic response of two chickens lines to Newcastle disease virus. 65th National Poultry Breeders Roundtable. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 7 (july 2019) : 932-937,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-769

    Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers

    Q
    Qamar-un-Nisa
    M
    Muhammad Younus
    M
    Muti-ur-Rehman Khan
    A
    Azhar Maqbool
    S
    Sajid Umar
    1Department of Pathobiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
    Cite article:- Qamar-un-Nisa, Younus Muhammad, Khan Muti-ur-Rehman, Maqbool Azhar, Umar Sajid (2017). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies virus shedding and immune response of Newcastle disease virus in broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(7): 932-937. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-769.

    ABSTRACT

    Respiratory diseases are responsible for major economic losses in poultry farms. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections cause huge economic losses in poultry industry especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens. The purpose of this study was to assess the less understood effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on the replication and immune responses of NDV in broiler chicken. Three-week-old commercial broiler chickens were inoculated with either  NDV, MG or both etiological agents. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control (Group C), Mycoplasma challenged (Group M), NDV challenged (Group V) and virus and Mycoplasma challenged (Group V+M). Blood samples and swabs were collected on daily basis for two weeks. All infected birds showed positive results for NDV shedding, however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, with birds of the group V+M showing more pronounced virus shedding than the birds in the group V. In addition, birds of V+M group showed significant reduction in anti-AI antibody responses and interferon gene expression than the birds in the V group. The present study revealed that MG could facilitate replication of NDV by bringing alterations in immune responses.

    REFERENCES

    1. Agüero, J.A., Aguilar-Bultet, L., Rodríguez, A. (2015). Molecular cloning and expression of a computationally predicted surface antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Revis. de. Salud. Anim.,37 (1): 21-26.
    2. Alexander, D.J., Senne, D.A. (2008). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and pneumovirus infections. In Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn, pp. 75–115. Edited by Y. M. Saif. Ames, IA: Blackwell.
    3. Bharath, N., Chinnipreetam,V., Ravinder Reddy,V., Panda. A.K. (2017). Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids enrichment on performanceand carcass traits of broiler chicken. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 489-494.
    4. Dhabhar, F.S. (2014). Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful.Immunol. Res.,58(2-3): 193-210.
    5. Feberwee, A., Mekkes, D.R., de Wit, J.J., Hartman, E.G., Pijpers, A. (2005). Comparison of culture, PCR and different serological tests for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae infections. Avian. Dis.,49: 260-268.
    6. Kaerber, G. (1931). 50% End-point calculation. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol.,162: 480–483.
    7. Kishida, N., Sakoda, Y., Eto, M., Sunaga, Y., Kida, H. (2004). Co-infectionof Staphylococcus aureusor Haemophilus paragallinarum exacerbates H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens. Arch. Virol.,149: 2095–2104.
    8. Kocasari, F., Yurdakul,O.K., Kart, A., Yalcin, H., Bayezit, E.K. (2017). Few heavy metal levels in certain tissues of cattle in Burdur of Turkey. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 759-761.
    9. Marien, M., Nauwynck, H., Duchateau, L., Martel, A., Chiers, K., Devriese, L., Froyman, R., Decostere, A. (2006). Comparison of the efficacy of four antimicrobial treatment schemes against experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkey poults pre-infected with avian pneumovirus.Avian. Path.,35(3): 230-237.
    10. Michiels, T., Welby, S., Vanrobaeys, M., Quinet, C., Rouffaer, L., Lens, L., Martel, A., Butaye, P. (2016). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium.Avian. Pathol.,45(2): 244-252.
    11. Miller, P.J., Afonso, C.L., El Attrache, J., Dorsey, K.M., Courtney, S.C., Guo, Z., Kapczynski, D.R. (2013). Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses.Dev. Comp. Immunol.,41(4): 505-513.
    12. Nakamura, S., Davis, K.M., Weiser, J.N. (2011). Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice.J. Clin. Invest.121(9): 3657- 3765
    13. Pan, Q., Liu, A., Zhang, F., Ling, Y., Ou, C., Hou, N., He, C. (2012). Co-infection of broilers with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and H9N2 avian influenza virus. BMC. Vet. Res.,8: 104-110.
    14. Panda, A., Huang, Z., Elankumaran, S., Rockemann, D.D., Samal, S.K. (2004). Role of fusion protein cleavage site in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus.Microb. Pathogenesis.,36(1): 1-10.
    15. Raviv, Z., Ferguson-Noel, N., Laibinis, N., Wooten, R., Kleven, S.H. (2007). Role of Mycoplasma synoviae in Commercial Layer Escherichia coli Peritonitis Syndrome. Avian. Dis.,51: 685–690.
    16. Reuter, A., Soubies, S., Hartle, S., Schusser, B., Kaspers, B., Staeheli, P., Rubbenstroth, D. (2014). Antiviral activity of lambda interferon in chickens. J. Virol.,88: 2835–2843.
    17. Rue, C.A., Susta, L., Cornax, I., Brown, C.C., Kapczynski, D.R., Suarez, D.L., King, D.J., Miller, P.J., Afonso, C.L. (2011). Virulent Newcastle disease virus elicits a strong innate immune response in chickens.J. Gen. Virol.,92(4): 931-939. 
    18. Saif, Y.M., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., Mcdougald, l. R. (2008). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and pneumovirus infections in Diseases of Poultry, pp. 75–93, 12th edition. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA.
    19. Sid, H., Hartmann, S., Petersen, H., Ryll, M., Rautenschlein, S. (2016). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza A virus in the avian tracheal epithelium Int. J. Med. Microbiol.,306: 174–186.
    20. Stipkovits, L., Egyed, L., Palfi, V., Beres, A., Pitlik, E., Somogyi, M., Szathmary, S., Denes, B. (2012a). Effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus H3N8 infection on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. Avian. Pathol., 41: 51–57.
    21. Stipkovits, L., Glavits, R., Palfi, V., Beres, A., Egyed, L., Denes, B., Somogyi, M., Szathmary, S. (2012b). Pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet. Pathol.,49: 273–283.
    22. Tashiro M., Ciborowski P., Klenk H.D., Pulverer G., Rott R. (1987). Role of staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia. Nature 325:536-537.
    23. Umar, S., Younus, M., Rehman, M.U., Aslam, A., Shah, M.A.A., Munir, M.T., Hussain, S., Iqbal, F., Fiaz, M., Ullah, S. (2015). Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys. Avian. Pathol.,44(4): 305-310.
    24. Umar, S. (2017) Emergence of new sub-genotypes of Newcastle disease virus in Pakistan. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 73: 567-580. DOI: https:/    /doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000411.
    25. Umar,S., Subhan,S., Azam,T., Munir,M.T., Shah,M.A.A. (2017). Mycoplasmosis in poultry: update on diagnosis and preventive measures.World’s Poult. Sci. J. 73:17-28.
    26. Zia, W.M., Khalique,A., Naveed. S., Hussain. J. (2017a). Studies on growth pattern of different body measurements in indigenous Aseel chicken fed with selenium supplemented diets. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 679-686.
    27. Zia, W.M., Khalique,A., Naveed. S., Hussain. J., Ahmad,M.S. ( 2017b). Comparative evaluation of influence of dietary organic and inorganic selenium supplement on growth performance of indigenous Aseel chickens. Indian J.Anim. Res.51: 478-488.
    28. Zhang, J., Kaiser, M.G., Herrmann, M.S., Gallardo, R.A., Bunn, D.A., Zhou, H., Lamont, S.J. (2016). RNA-seq analysis reveals distinct splenic response of two chickens lines to Newcastle disease virus. 65th National Poultry Breeders Roundtable. 
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