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Research Article

volume 51 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1134-1137,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-765

Pathological and immunohistochemical effects of electromagnetic fields on rat liver

A
A. Cevik
M
M. Aydin
N
N. Timurkaan
A
A.M. Apaydin
M
M. Yuksel
1Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, TURKEY
Cite article:- Cevik A., Aydin M., Timurkaan N., Apaydin A.M., Yuksel M. (2017). Pathological and immunohistochemical effects of electromagnetic fields on rat liver. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51(6): 1134-1137. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-765.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by high power lines on the morphology of rat liver and apoptosis. For this purpose, 28 adult male rats weighing 200-250 g were used. The treatment groups were kept in a shelter that were 7.5 m far from the high power lines carrying 170 kV (50 Hz) energy. The control animals (Group 1) were kept in an animal house where no electromagnetic fields were exposed. The animals of the groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to EMF (170 kV, 50 Hz) continously for 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. At the end of the study periods, the animals were sacrificed and their livers were collected. Histopathological evaluation indicated that inflammatory cell infiltration localized in the portal areas was seen in the liver of experimental groups rats. Bax and Bcl-2 positive staining was observed in the liver of control and experimental groups, but both Bax and Bcl-2 staining was intense in Group 3. In conclusion, long- term exposure to EMFs may cause inflammatory changes and apoptosis in liver of rats.

REFERENCES

  1. Al-Akhras, M.A., Elbetieha, A., Hasan, M.K., Al-Omari, I., Darmani, H., Albiss, B. (2001). Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics 22: 340–344.
  2. Aldrich, T.E. and Easterly, C.E. (1987). Electromagnetic fields and public health. Environ. Health Perspect. 75: 159-171.
  3. Aydin, M., Cevik, A., Kandemir, F.M., Yuksel, M. and Apaydin. A.M. (2009). Evaluation of hormonal change, biochemical parameters, and histopathological status of uterus in rats exposed to 50-Hz electromagnetic field. Toxicol. Ind. Health 25: 153-158. 
  4. Aydin, M., Turk, G., Yuksel, M., Cevik, A., Apaydin, A. M. and Yilmaz, S. (2007). Effect of electromagnetic fields on the sperm characteristics and histopathology status of testis in rats. Medycyna Wet. 63: 178-183.
  5. Basu, A. and Haldar, S. (1998). The relationship between Bcl2, Bax and p53: Consequences for cell cycle progression and cell death. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4: 1099-1109. 
  6. Berg, H. (1999). Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 48, 355–360.
  7. Boorman, G.A., Gauger, J.R., Johnson, T.R., Tomlinson, M.J., Findlay, J.C., Travlos, G.S. and McCormick, D.L. (1997). Eight-week toxicity study of 60 Hz magnetic fields in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 35: 55-63.
  8. Brent, R.L. (1999). Reproductive and teratologic effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models. Teratology, 59: 261–286.
  9. Erpek, S., Bilgin, M.D. and Doger, F.K. (2007). The effect of electromagnetic field (50 HZ, 6mT) on rat liver and kidney. ADU. Týp Fakültesi Dergisi 8: 5 – 11.
  10. Gocimen, A., Ozguner, F., Karaoz, E., Ozen, S. and Aydin, G. (2002). The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 79: 25-31. 
  11. Henshaw, D.L. (2002). Does our electricity distribution system pose a serious risk to public health. Med. Hypotheses 59: 39-51.
  12. Holovska, K., Almasiova, V., Cigankova, V., Benova, K., Racekova, E. and Martoncikova, M. (2015). Structural and ultrastructural study of rat iýver influenced by electromagnetic radiation. J. Toxicol. Env. Health. A 78: 353–356.
  13. Koyu, A., Ozguner, F., Yilmaz, H., Uz, E., Cesur, G. and Ozcelik, N. (2009). The protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on oxidative stress in rat liver exposed to the 900 MHz electromagnetic field. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 25: 429–434.
  14. Lee, H.J., Kim, S.H., Choi, S.Y., Gimm, Y.M., Pack, J.K., Choi, H.D. and Lee, Y,S. (2006). Long-term exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 82: 285-91.
  15. Lin, N.R.S. and Lee, W.C. (1994). Risk of childhood leukemia in areas passed by high power lines. Rev. Environ. Health 10: 97–103.
  16. Luo, X., Ma, L., Gao, P. and Zhang, Y. (2017). Effects of subchronic extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure on biochemical parameters in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health 33: 365-372. 
  17. Margonato, V., Nicolini, P., Conti, R., Zecca, L., Veicsteinas, A. and Cerretelli, P. (1995). Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: II. 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 16: 343-55.
  18. Mortazavi, S.M.J., Owji, S.M., Shojaei-fard, M.B., Ghader-Panah, M., Mortazavi, S.A.R., et al. (2016). GSM 900 MHz microwave radiation-ýnduced alterations of ýnsulin level and histopathological changes of liver and pancreas in rat. J. Biomed. Phys. Eng. 6: 235-242. 
  19. Oltvai, Z.N., Milliman, C.L. and Korsmeyer, S.J.(1993). Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619.
  20. Ryan, B.M., Mallett, E., Johnson, T.R., Gauger, J.R. and Mccormick, D.L. (1996). Developmental toxicity study of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in rats. Teratology 54: 73–83.
  21. Seyhan, N. and Canseven, A.G. (2006). In vivo effects of ELF MFs on collagen synthesis, free radical processes, natural antioxidant system, respiratory burst system, immune system activities, and electrolytes in the skin, plasma, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 25: 291-305.
  22. Tarantino, P., Lanubile, R., Lacalandra, G., Abbro, L. and Dini, L. (2005). Post-continuous whole body exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields: effects on liver, spleen, and brain. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 44: 51-59.
  23. Tsong, T.Y. (1992). Molecular recognition and processing of periodic signals in cells: study of activation of membrane ATPases by alternating electric fields. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1113: 53-70.
  24. Wartenberg, D. (2001). Residential EMF exposure and child-hood leukemia: meta-analysis and population attributable risk.Bioelectro magnetics 22: 86-104.
  25. World Health Organization (WHO). (1987). ANON: Environmental health criteria: Magnetic fields. Geneva. 69.
  26. Yeniterzi, M., Avunduk, M.C., Baltaci, A.K., Aribas, O.K., Gomus, N. and Tosun, E. (2002). 50Hz frekanslý manyetik alanýn ratlarda olusturdugu histopatolojik degisiklikler. S.U. Týp Fak Derg. 18: 39-51.
  27. Zecca, L., Mantegazza, C., Margonato, V., Cerretelli, P., Caniatti, M., Piva, F., Dondi, D. and Hagino, N. (1998). Biological effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: III. 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 57-66.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 51 issue 6 (december 2017) : 1134-1137,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-765

    Pathological and immunohistochemical effects of electromagnetic fields on rat liver

    A
    A. Cevik
    M
    M. Aydin
    N
    N. Timurkaan
    A
    A.M. Apaydin
    M
    M. Yuksel
    1Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, TURKEY
    Cite article:- Cevik A., Aydin M., Timurkaan N., Apaydin A.M., Yuksel M. (2017). Pathological and immunohistochemical effects of electromagnetic fields on rat liver. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51(6): 1134-1137. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-765.

    ABSTRACT

    The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by high power lines on the morphology of rat liver and apoptosis. For this purpose, 28 adult male rats weighing 200-250 g were used. The treatment groups were kept in a shelter that were 7.5 m far from the high power lines carrying 170 kV (50 Hz) energy. The control animals (Group 1) were kept in an animal house where no electromagnetic fields were exposed. The animals of the groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to EMF (170 kV, 50 Hz) continously for 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. At the end of the study periods, the animals were sacrificed and their livers were collected. Histopathological evaluation indicated that inflammatory cell infiltration localized in the portal areas was seen in the liver of experimental groups rats. Bax and Bcl-2 positive staining was observed in the liver of control and experimental groups, but both Bax and Bcl-2 staining was intense in Group 3. In conclusion, long- term exposure to EMFs may cause inflammatory changes and apoptosis in liver of rats.

    REFERENCES

    1. Al-Akhras, M.A., Elbetieha, A., Hasan, M.K., Al-Omari, I., Darmani, H., Albiss, B. (2001). Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics 22: 340–344.
    2. Aldrich, T.E. and Easterly, C.E. (1987). Electromagnetic fields and public health. Environ. Health Perspect. 75: 159-171.
    3. Aydin, M., Cevik, A., Kandemir, F.M., Yuksel, M. and Apaydin. A.M. (2009). Evaluation of hormonal change, biochemical parameters, and histopathological status of uterus in rats exposed to 50-Hz electromagnetic field. Toxicol. Ind. Health 25: 153-158. 
    4. Aydin, M., Turk, G., Yuksel, M., Cevik, A., Apaydin, A. M. and Yilmaz, S. (2007). Effect of electromagnetic fields on the sperm characteristics and histopathology status of testis in rats. Medycyna Wet. 63: 178-183.
    5. Basu, A. and Haldar, S. (1998). The relationship between Bcl2, Bax and p53: Consequences for cell cycle progression and cell death. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4: 1099-1109. 
    6. Berg, H. (1999). Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 48, 355–360.
    7. Boorman, G.A., Gauger, J.R., Johnson, T.R., Tomlinson, M.J., Findlay, J.C., Travlos, G.S. and McCormick, D.L. (1997). Eight-week toxicity study of 60 Hz magnetic fields in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 35: 55-63.
    8. Brent, R.L. (1999). Reproductive and teratologic effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models. Teratology, 59: 261–286.
    9. Erpek, S., Bilgin, M.D. and Doger, F.K. (2007). The effect of electromagnetic field (50 HZ, 6mT) on rat liver and kidney. ADU. Týp Fakültesi Dergisi 8: 5 – 11.
    10. Gocimen, A., Ozguner, F., Karaoz, E., Ozen, S. and Aydin, G. (2002). The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 79: 25-31. 
    11. Henshaw, D.L. (2002). Does our electricity distribution system pose a serious risk to public health. Med. Hypotheses 59: 39-51.
    12. Holovska, K., Almasiova, V., Cigankova, V., Benova, K., Racekova, E. and Martoncikova, M. (2015). Structural and ultrastructural study of rat iýver influenced by electromagnetic radiation. J. Toxicol. Env. Health. A 78: 353–356.
    13. Koyu, A., Ozguner, F., Yilmaz, H., Uz, E., Cesur, G. and Ozcelik, N. (2009). The protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on oxidative stress in rat liver exposed to the 900 MHz electromagnetic field. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 25: 429–434.
    14. Lee, H.J., Kim, S.H., Choi, S.Y., Gimm, Y.M., Pack, J.K., Choi, H.D. and Lee, Y,S. (2006). Long-term exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 82: 285-91.
    15. Lin, N.R.S. and Lee, W.C. (1994). Risk of childhood leukemia in areas passed by high power lines. Rev. Environ. Health 10: 97–103.
    16. Luo, X., Ma, L., Gao, P. and Zhang, Y. (2017). Effects of subchronic extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure on biochemical parameters in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health 33: 365-372. 
    17. Margonato, V., Nicolini, P., Conti, R., Zecca, L., Veicsteinas, A. and Cerretelli, P. (1995). Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: II. 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 16: 343-55.
    18. Mortazavi, S.M.J., Owji, S.M., Shojaei-fard, M.B., Ghader-Panah, M., Mortazavi, S.A.R., et al. (2016). GSM 900 MHz microwave radiation-ýnduced alterations of ýnsulin level and histopathological changes of liver and pancreas in rat. J. Biomed. Phys. Eng. 6: 235-242. 
    19. Oltvai, Z.N., Milliman, C.L. and Korsmeyer, S.J.(1993). Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619.
    20. Ryan, B.M., Mallett, E., Johnson, T.R., Gauger, J.R. and Mccormick, D.L. (1996). Developmental toxicity study of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in rats. Teratology 54: 73–83.
    21. Seyhan, N. and Canseven, A.G. (2006). In vivo effects of ELF MFs on collagen synthesis, free radical processes, natural antioxidant system, respiratory burst system, immune system activities, and electrolytes in the skin, plasma, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 25: 291-305.
    22. Tarantino, P., Lanubile, R., Lacalandra, G., Abbro, L. and Dini, L. (2005). Post-continuous whole body exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields: effects on liver, spleen, and brain. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 44: 51-59.
    23. Tsong, T.Y. (1992). Molecular recognition and processing of periodic signals in cells: study of activation of membrane ATPases by alternating electric fields. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1113: 53-70.
    24. Wartenberg, D. (2001). Residential EMF exposure and child-hood leukemia: meta-analysis and population attributable risk.Bioelectro magnetics 22: 86-104.
    25. World Health Organization (WHO). (1987). ANON: Environmental health criteria: Magnetic fields. Geneva. 69.
    26. Yeniterzi, M., Avunduk, M.C., Baltaci, A.K., Aribas, O.K., Gomus, N. and Tosun, E. (2002). 50Hz frekanslý manyetik alanýn ratlarda olusturdugu histopatolojik degisiklikler. S.U. Týp Fak Derg. 18: 39-51.
    27. Zecca, L., Mantegazza, C., Margonato, V., Cerretelli, P., Caniatti, M., Piva, F., Dondi, D. and Hagino, N. (1998). Biological effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: III. 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 57-66.
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