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Full Research Article

Seasonal Influence on Seminal Characteristics and Sexual Behaviour: A Comparative Study in Ganjam Bucks

D
D.K. Chaurasia1,*
0009-0005-6086-7938
A
A.K. Nahak2
P
P.C. Mishra1
P
P. Perumal3
S
S.S. Biswal2
S
S.K. Dash4
S
S. Sathapathy5
1Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, IVSAH, SOA-DU, Bhubaneswar-751 030, Odisha, India.
2Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
3ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 106, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
4Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
5Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the basic data on the fertility of the male Ganjam bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency.

Methods: A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2).

Result: The mean value of reaction time, Frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction, libido, volume of semen, concentration of sperm and value of MBRT of each of the six bucks were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the season 2.The mean of each of the six bucks did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to pH and live % of sperm.Buck B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) individual motility of sperm in season 2 than of season 1, whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to individual motility of sperm. Buck B5 and B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) mass activity of sperm in season 2 than of season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3 and B4 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to mass activity of sperm. We are found to be have non-significant difference with that of season 1 with respect to sperm abnormalities of sperm.Buck B2 and B4 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.05) acrosomal integrity in season 2 than season 1, whereas buck B1, B3, B5 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to acrosomal integrity of sperm.Buck B5 evaluated a significantly higher (p<0.05) HOST in season 2 than season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to HOST.

INTRODUCTION

Goat farming is a reliable source of revenue for farmers and serves as an auxiliary to agriculture (Banerjee, 2000; Arrebola and Abecia, 2017). Goats make up 26.40% of the livestock population in India. According to the 20th livestock census, there are 148.88 million indigenous goats in India, of which 26.97% are pure breed, 11.77% are graded breed and the remainder 61.26% is non-descript breeds (Chaurasia et al., 2023a). Goat farming provides the sole source of income for 25% of the rural population in the state of Odisha. The Ganjam goat, also known as the lanka, golla, or dalua, is a medium-sized animal that is mostly reared for meat. The medium-sized animal, pendulous ears are drooping and the coat colour is predominantly brown or black (Chaurasia et al., 2023b). The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency (Ramachandran and Singh, 2017; Revathy et al., 2022 and Chaurasia et al., 2024). So, the present study was undertaken on the seasonal variation of scrotal parameters, seminal characteristics, spermatozoa integrity and sexual behavior in Ganjam buck that could be correlated with the breeding efficiency of this breed to develop suitable breeding programmes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. The seminal characteristics and sexual behavior parameters such as reaction time, Flehmen’s response and libido were studied in the month of July to August (season 1) and October to November (season 2). For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2). The total of 72 ejaculates were evaluated for the study of seminal and biochemical characteristics.
       
All the data generated in the above experiments were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)-1996 version software computer package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in sexual behavior of ganjam bucks
 
The mean value of reaction time (in sec) of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 12.05±0.26, 12.02±0.31, 11.92±0.37, 12.43±0.19, 11.50 ±0.26 and 12.28±0.34 sec, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 9.65± 0.31, 9.80±0.19, 9.68±0.25, 10.08±0.29, 9.98±0.22, 9.83±0.21 sec, respectively. The frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction was recorded after 10 exposures to estrus female. The mean score evaluated for the different bucks were 3.50±0.11, 4.32±0.13, 3.55±0.12, 4.62± 0.16, 4.23±0.15 and 3.61±0.14, respectively in season 1and 6.92±0.16, 7.21±0.17 6.83± 0.15, 6.94±0.18, 7.31±0.18 and 6.91±0.19, respectively in season 2. The libido of the Ganjam bucks were recorded as per the score card, out of 10. Average score of sex libido of the six Ganjam bucks during season 1 were 2.86±0.13, 3.12±0.11 2.94±0.16, 4.23±0.12, 3.45±0.14 and 2.45±0.17, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 7.94±0.14, 8.12±0.15, 7.56±0.18, 7.99±0.16, 8.45±0.17 and 7.67±0.19, respectively. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Kerketta et al., (2013).
 
Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in macroscopic semen parameters of ganjam bucks
 
In the present experiment, average volume of semen of the different bucks were 0.42±0.01, 0.44±0.12, 0.42±0.02, 0.43±0.01, 0.43±0.02 and 0.42±0.01 ml, respectively in season 1 and 0.78±0.04, 0.76±0.01, 0.80±0.04, 0.79±0.02, 0.74±0.01 and 0.76±0.01 ml, respectively in season 2. The mean value of pH of semen as 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.27±0.05 and 6.32±0.06were recorded for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1. The corresponding values in season 2 were 6.28±0.04, 6.35±0.03, 6.32±0.04, 6.35±0.03, 6.38± 0.03 and 6.33±0.03, respectively in season 2. The present findings were similar to the reports given by Chemineau (1987) and Pattanaik et al., (1991).
 
Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in microscopic semen parameters of ganjam bucks
 
The average value of individual motility (%) of sperm of each bucks estimated in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 81.33±0.62, 81.00±0.97, 79.00±2.00, 79.83±1.64,78.50±1.65 and 76.50±1.47, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 80.67±1.02, 80.00±1.07, 80.33±1.02, 81.17±0.91, 79.83±1.92 and 83.17±1.19, respectively. In the present experiment, average value of concentration (×109/ml) of sperm of the different bucks were 2.44±11.87, 2.48±25.18, 2.56±15.63, 2.59±22.75, 2.62±34.13 and 2.70±33.53, respectively in season 1 and 3.48±37.27, 3.59±21.13, 3.73±23.77, 3.80±20.03, 3.88±4.19 and 3.95±10.02, respectively in season 2. The mean value of live % of sperm as 83.83±1.40, 83.67±0.76, 85.00±0.93, 85.00±0.73, 84.67±0.72 and 84.0±1.29 were estimated for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1 and 85.83±1.35, 86.00 ±0.73, 87.17±0.79, 86.83±0.79, 86.17±0.70 and 86.50±1.23, respectively in season 2. Average values of mass activity of spermfor the different bucks were 3.82±0.14, 3.75±0.12, 3.78±0.12, 3.75±0.16, 3.57±0.09 and 3.18±0.05, respectively in season 1 and corresponding values of 3.72±0.13, 3.93±0.04, 3.75±0.16, 3.82±0.12, 3.98±0.02 and 3.87±0.08, respectively in season 2. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Biswas et al., (2002).
 
Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in abnormalities and acrosome integrity of ganjam buck semen
 
The mean value of sperm abnormalities of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 5.58±0.65, 5.61±0.47, 5.60±0.46, 6.90±0.48, 7.30±0.19 and 7.10±0.24, respectively. The corresponding values in season 2 were 5.28±0.54, 6.38 ±0.55, 6.03±0.61, 6.07±0.57, 6.45±0.35 and 6.30±0.27, respectively. The average value of acrosomal integrity (%) of sperm as 71.50±0.62, 71.50±0.62, 72.00±0.58, 73.17±0.48, 72.00 ±0.58 and 73.33±0.67 were recorded for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1 and 73.00±0.36, 73.67±0.56, 73.50±0.50, 74.83±0.31, 72.83±0.31 and 74.67±0.76, respectively in season 2. The present findings were similar to the observations of Kaymakci et al. (1988); Khalili et al., (2009) and Sundararaman et al., (2016).
 
Comparative seasonal variation in mbrt and host of ganjam buck semen
 
In the present experiment, mean value of MBRT of each Ganjam buck semen as 5.03±0.13, 4.78±0.23, 4.33±0.09, 4.30±0.15, 4.22±0.11 and 4.55±0.09 min were recorded, respectively in season 1 and the corresponding values in season 2 were 4.05±0.16, 3.65±0.15, 3.53±0.50, 3.45±0.17, 3.47±0.08 and 3.67±0.13, respectively. The mean value of HOST of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 54.83±0.95, 53.67±0.76, 55.83±0.7, 54.00±0.93 55.50±1.06 and 55.50±0.96 sec, respectively and 57.33±0.96, 55.67±0.50, 58.17±0.95, 56.00±1.61, 59.17±1.17 and 58.50±1.23 sec, respectively in season 2. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Kaymakci et al. (1988); Khalili et al., (2009) and Sundararaman et al., (2016).

CONCLUSION

The mean value of reaction time, frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction, libido, volume of semen, concentration of sperm and value of MBRT of each of the six bucks were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the season 2. The mean of each of the six bucks did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to pH and live % of sperm. Buck B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) individual motility of sperm in season 2 than of season 1. Buck B5 and B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) mass activity of sperm in season 2 than of season 1, whereas buck B1, B2, B3 and B4 did not show any significant difference between the two seasons with respect to mass activity of sperm. Buck B2 and B4 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.05) acrosomal integrity in season 2 than season 1. Buck B5 evaluated a significantly higher (p<0.05) HOST in season 2 than season 1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is a part of Doctoral research work of the first Author. The Authors are very much grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Odisha and Dean, C.V.Sc. and A. H., OUAT, Bhubaneswar for providing necessary fellowship and facilities for successful completion of this research work in time. 
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
 
Informed consent
 
All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.

REFERENCES


  1. Arrebola, F. and Abecia, J.A. (2017). Effects of season and artificial photoperiod on semen and seminal plasma characteristics in bucks of two goat breeds maintained in a semen collection center. Veterinary World. 10(5): 521-525. 

  2. Banerjee, G.C. (2000). A Text Book of Animal. Husbandry. 8th edn., Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi and Calcutta. 

  3. Biswas, D., Bari, F.Y., Shamsuddin, M., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M. (2002). Determination of glycerol percentages for preserving the black bengal buck (Capra hircus) Spermatozoa for Long Time. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 5(6): 715-718.

  4. Chaurasia, D.K., Nahak, A.K., Mishra, P.C., Kundu, A.K., Dash, S.K., Karna, D.K. (2023a). Studies on seasonal variation of body parameters in Ganjam buck. The Pharma Innovation. 12(1): 2296-2297. 

  5. Chaurasia, D.K., Nahak, A.K., Mishra, P.C., Kundu, A.K., Dash, S.K., Karna, D.K. (2023b). Effect of studies on seasonal variation of scrotal parameters in ganjam buck. The Pharma Innovation. 12(1): 2303-2304. 

  6. Chaurasia, D.K., Nahak, A.K., Mishra, P.C., Perumal, P., Sathapathy, S., Singh, N., Gupta, R. and Sahu, S.K. (2024). Effect of season on the scrotum, seminal characteristics, spermatozoa integrity and sexual behaviour in ganjam buck. Indian Journal of Animal Research. doi. 10.18805/IJAR.B-5352.

  7. Chemineau, P., Varo, H., Grude, A. (1987). Sexual behaviour and gonadal activity during the year in the tropical creole meat goat. II. Male mating behavior, testis diameter, ejaculate characteristics and fertility. Reproduction Nutrition Development. 26: 453-460. 

  8. Kaymakci, M., Sarican, C., Karaca, O. (1988). Investigations on the testis characteristics in Acipayam male lambs. Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi. 25: 109-123.

  9. Kerketta, S., Singh, M., Patel, B.H.M., Verma, M., Prasad, J.K., Upadhyay, D., Bhushan, B. (2013). Study on buck´s mating behaviour, libido score and in local goat of rohilkhand rgion, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research.  48(5): 491-495. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00017.X.

  10. Khalili, B., Farshad, A., Zamiri, M.J., Rashidi, A., Fazeli, P. (2009). Effects of sucrose and trehalose on the freezability of Markhoz goat spermatozoa. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 22: 1614-1619.

  11. Pattanaik, U.C., Mohanty, B.N., Ray, S.K.H., Mohanty, D.N., Panda, G.M. (1991). A note on the semen characteristics of ganjam bucks. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 12(2): 151.

  12. Ramachandran, N., Singh, N.P. (2017). Effect of management systems and seasons on sperm abnormalities in Jamunapari bucks semen. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51(6): 1138-1143. doi: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7808.

  13. Revathy, M.M., Abhilash, R.S., Jayakumar, C., Magnus, P.K., Raji, K., James, J. and Kurien, M.O. (2022). In vitro fertilization capacity of frozen crossbred bull semen cryopreserved during different seasons in Kerala. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 56(12): 1488-1491. doi: 10.18805/ IJAR.B-4234.

  14. Sundararaman, M.N., Sahu, A.R., Raj, S.V., Subramanian, A. (2016). Quality assurance of cryopreserved buck semen by assessing structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa. Journal of Animal Research. 6(4): 669-675.
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    Full Research Article

    Seasonal Influence on Seminal Characteristics and Sexual Behaviour: A Comparative Study in Ganjam Bucks

    D
    D.K. Chaurasia1,*
    0009-0005-6086-7938
    A
    A.K. Nahak2
    P
    P.C. Mishra1
    P
    P. Perumal3
    S
    S.S. Biswal2
    S
    S.K. Dash4
    S
    S. Sathapathy5
    1Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, IVSAH, SOA-DU, Bhubaneswar-751 030, Odisha, India.
    2Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
    3ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 106, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
    4Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.
    5Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Odisha, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the basic data on the fertility of the male Ganjam bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency.

    Methods: A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2).

    Result: The mean value of reaction time, Frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction, libido, volume of semen, concentration of sperm and value of MBRT of each of the six bucks were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the season 2.The mean of each of the six bucks did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to pH and live % of sperm.Buck B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) individual motility of sperm in season 2 than of season 1, whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to individual motility of sperm. Buck B5 and B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) mass activity of sperm in season 2 than of season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3 and B4 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to mass activity of sperm. We are found to be have non-significant difference with that of season 1 with respect to sperm abnormalities of sperm.Buck B2 and B4 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.05) acrosomal integrity in season 2 than season 1, whereas buck B1, B3, B5 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to acrosomal integrity of sperm.Buck B5 evaluated a significantly higher (p<0.05) HOST in season 2 than season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to HOST.

    INTRODUCTION

    Goat farming is a reliable source of revenue for farmers and serves as an auxiliary to agriculture (Banerjee, 2000; Arrebola and Abecia, 2017). Goats make up 26.40% of the livestock population in India. According to the 20th livestock census, there are 148.88 million indigenous goats in India, of which 26.97% are pure breed, 11.77% are graded breed and the remainder 61.26% is non-descript breeds (Chaurasia et al., 2023a). Goat farming provides the sole source of income for 25% of the rural population in the state of Odisha. The Ganjam goat, also known as the lanka, golla, or dalua, is a medium-sized animal that is mostly reared for meat. The medium-sized animal, pendulous ears are drooping and the coat colour is predominantly brown or black (Chaurasia et al., 2023b). The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency (Ramachandran and Singh, 2017; Revathy et al., 2022 and Chaurasia et al., 2024). So, the present study was undertaken on the seasonal variation of scrotal parameters, seminal characteristics, spermatozoa integrity and sexual behavior in Ganjam buck that could be correlated with the breeding efficiency of this breed to develop suitable breeding programmes.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. The seminal characteristics and sexual behavior parameters such as reaction time, Flehmen’s response and libido were studied in the month of July to August (season 1) and October to November (season 2). For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2). The total of 72 ejaculates were evaluated for the study of seminal and biochemical characteristics.
           
    All the data generated in the above experiments were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)-1996 version software computer package.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in sexual behavior of ganjam bucks
     
    The mean value of reaction time (in sec) of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 12.05±0.26, 12.02±0.31, 11.92±0.37, 12.43±0.19, 11.50 ±0.26 and 12.28±0.34 sec, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 9.65± 0.31, 9.80±0.19, 9.68±0.25, 10.08±0.29, 9.98±0.22, 9.83±0.21 sec, respectively. The frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction was recorded after 10 exposures to estrus female. The mean score evaluated for the different bucks were 3.50±0.11, 4.32±0.13, 3.55±0.12, 4.62± 0.16, 4.23±0.15 and 3.61±0.14, respectively in season 1and 6.92±0.16, 7.21±0.17 6.83± 0.15, 6.94±0.18, 7.31±0.18 and 6.91±0.19, respectively in season 2. The libido of the Ganjam bucks were recorded as per the score card, out of 10. Average score of sex libido of the six Ganjam bucks during season 1 were 2.86±0.13, 3.12±0.11 2.94±0.16, 4.23±0.12, 3.45±0.14 and 2.45±0.17, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 7.94±0.14, 8.12±0.15, 7.56±0.18, 7.99±0.16, 8.45±0.17 and 7.67±0.19, respectively. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Kerketta et al., (2013).
     
    Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in macroscopic semen parameters of ganjam bucks
     
    In the present experiment, average volume of semen of the different bucks were 0.42±0.01, 0.44±0.12, 0.42±0.02, 0.43±0.01, 0.43±0.02 and 0.42±0.01 ml, respectively in season 1 and 0.78±0.04, 0.76±0.01, 0.80±0.04, 0.79±0.02, 0.74±0.01 and 0.76±0.01 ml, respectively in season 2. The mean value of pH of semen as 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.35±0.03, 6.27±0.05 and 6.32±0.06were recorded for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1. The corresponding values in season 2 were 6.28±0.04, 6.35±0.03, 6.32±0.04, 6.35±0.03, 6.38± 0.03 and 6.33±0.03, respectively in season 2. The present findings were similar to the reports given by Chemineau (1987) and Pattanaik et al., (1991).
     
    Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in microscopic semen parameters of ganjam bucks
     
    The average value of individual motility (%) of sperm of each bucks estimated in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 81.33±0.62, 81.00±0.97, 79.00±2.00, 79.83±1.64,78.50±1.65 and 76.50±1.47, respectively and the corresponding values in season 2 were 80.67±1.02, 80.00±1.07, 80.33±1.02, 81.17±0.91, 79.83±1.92 and 83.17±1.19, respectively. In the present experiment, average value of concentration (×109/ml) of sperm of the different bucks were 2.44±11.87, 2.48±25.18, 2.56±15.63, 2.59±22.75, 2.62±34.13 and 2.70±33.53, respectively in season 1 and 3.48±37.27, 3.59±21.13, 3.73±23.77, 3.80±20.03, 3.88±4.19 and 3.95±10.02, respectively in season 2. The mean value of live % of sperm as 83.83±1.40, 83.67±0.76, 85.00±0.93, 85.00±0.73, 84.67±0.72 and 84.0±1.29 were estimated for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1 and 85.83±1.35, 86.00 ±0.73, 87.17±0.79, 86.83±0.79, 86.17±0.70 and 86.50±1.23, respectively in season 2. Average values of mass activity of spermfor the different bucks were 3.82±0.14, 3.75±0.12, 3.78±0.12, 3.75±0.16, 3.57±0.09 and 3.18±0.05, respectively in season 1 and corresponding values of 3.72±0.13, 3.93±0.04, 3.75±0.16, 3.82±0.12, 3.98±0.02 and 3.87±0.08, respectively in season 2. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Biswas et al., (2002).
     
    Comparative analysis of seasonal variation in abnormalities and acrosome integrity of ganjam buck semen
     
    The mean value of sperm abnormalities of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 5.58±0.65, 5.61±0.47, 5.60±0.46, 6.90±0.48, 7.30±0.19 and 7.10±0.24, respectively. The corresponding values in season 2 were 5.28±0.54, 6.38 ±0.55, 6.03±0.61, 6.07±0.57, 6.45±0.35 and 6.30±0.27, respectively. The average value of acrosomal integrity (%) of sperm as 71.50±0.62, 71.50±0.62, 72.00±0.58, 73.17±0.48, 72.00 ±0.58 and 73.33±0.67 were recorded for bucks B1 to B6, respectively in season 1 and 73.00±0.36, 73.67±0.56, 73.50±0.50, 74.83±0.31, 72.83±0.31 and 74.67±0.76, respectively in season 2. The present findings were similar to the observations of Kaymakci et al. (1988); Khalili et al., (2009) and Sundararaman et al., (2016).
     
    Comparative seasonal variation in mbrt and host of ganjam buck semen
     
    In the present experiment, mean value of MBRT of each Ganjam buck semen as 5.03±0.13, 4.78±0.23, 4.33±0.09, 4.30±0.15, 4.22±0.11 and 4.55±0.09 min were recorded, respectively in season 1 and the corresponding values in season 2 were 4.05±0.16, 3.65±0.15, 3.53±0.50, 3.45±0.17, 3.47±0.08 and 3.67±0.13, respectively. The mean value of HOST of each bucks recorded in season 1 at the time of commencement of the research were 54.83±0.95, 53.67±0.76, 55.83±0.7, 54.00±0.93 55.50±1.06 and 55.50±0.96 sec, respectively and 57.33±0.96, 55.67±0.50, 58.17±0.95, 56.00±1.61, 59.17±1.17 and 58.50±1.23 sec, respectively in season 2. The present findings were in agreement to the observations of Kaymakci et al. (1988); Khalili et al., (2009) and Sundararaman et al., (2016).

    CONCLUSION

    The mean value of reaction time, frequency of Flehmen’s Reaction, libido, volume of semen, concentration of sperm and value of MBRT of each of the six bucks were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the season 2. The mean of each of the six bucks did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to pH and live % of sperm. Buck B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) individual motility of sperm in season 2 than of season 1. Buck B5 and B6 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.01) mass activity of sperm in season 2 than of season 1, whereas buck B1, B2, B3 and B4 did not show any significant difference between the two seasons with respect to mass activity of sperm. Buck B2 and B4 recorded a significantly higher (p<0.05) acrosomal integrity in season 2 than season 1. Buck B5 evaluated a significantly higher (p<0.05) HOST in season 2 than season 1.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    This is a part of Doctoral research work of the first Author. The Authors are very much grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Odisha and Dean, C.V.Sc. and A. H., OUAT, Bhubaneswar for providing necessary fellowship and facilities for successful completion of this research work in time. 
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.

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