Water quality parameters
Throughout the experiment, the water temperature varied between 18±0.5
oC, pH between 7.2 and 8.6, dissolved oxygen between 9.02 and 9.23 mg/L and hardness between 272 and 288 mg L
-1. The amount of ammonical nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate fell between 0.05 and 0.11, 0.05 and 0.08 and 0.068 and 0.97, respectively.
Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets
Table 2 depicts the fatty acid content of the experimental diets, including the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). While MUFA and PUFA levels significantly increased from 6.82 g kg
-1 to 38.82 g kg
-1 (p<0.05) and 13.82 g kg
-1 to 31.23 g kg
-1 (p<0.05), respectively, SFA content increased from 20.68 g kg
-1 in L4 to 70.11 g kg
-1 in L14 (p<0.05). The SFA/USFA ratio was constant at approximately 1.00 across diets, but the n-3/n-6 ratio increased from 0.27 in L4 to 1.12 in L14 (p<0.05).
Growth rate and nutrient utilization
Table 3 demonstrates that dietary lipid levels had a significant (p<0.05) impact on fish growth and utilization of nutrients efficiency. The lipid between 80 and 100 g kg
-1 produced the maximum AFW, PER and FCR. Using polynomial regression analysis, the exact dietary lipid requirement was determined. The ideal lipid level for AFW (Fig 1), FCR (Fig 2) and PER (Fig 3) was determined by the quadratic equation to be around 90 g kg
-1, whereas the broken-line analysis (r
2=0.99) showed 90.03 g kg
-1, averaging 90.18 g kg
-1 (for AFW).
Metabolic enzyme activities
Dietary lipid levels had a significant (p<0.05) impact on Labeo rohita’s important metabolic enzymes (G6Pase, G6PDH and CPT1), with optimal activity noted at lipid levels of 80-100 g kg
-1 (Table 4). To determine the ideal dietary lipid content for the maximum enzyme activity in
Labeo rohita, polynomial regression and broken-line analysis were used. Hexokinase (y= -0.0001x2 + 0.0174x -0.2344, r
2= 0.96) (Fig 4); G6Pase (y= -0.0004x2 + 0.0707x -0.9441, r
2= 0.96) (Fig 5); G6PDH (y= -0.0054x2 + 0.8986x -11.973, r
2= 0.96) (Fig 6); CPT1 (y= -0.0054x2 + 0.8986x -11.973, r
2= 0.96) (Fig 7).
The health of fish depends on dietary lipids, such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which enable energy storage, membrane fluidity and cold adaption. In cold-water aquaculture, optimal lipid levels balance protein-to-energy ratios, improving development and immunity while lowering nitrogenous waste and environmental effect
(Luc et al., 2024). An excessive intake of fat can reduce fish output, increase body lipid accumulation, impair nutrient digestion and cause conditions like fatty liver syndrome. The effects of the ideal dietary lipid require on development, nutrition utilization and body composition are investigated in this study for
L. rohita fingerlings in a low-temperature RAS. In order to avoid carp from consuming less feed when the temperature drops below 18
oC, the fish were raised in water with an ideal quality of 18.0 ± 0.5
oC
(Mohapatra et al., 2011).
Aquaculture relies significantly on water quality since it affects fish survival, growth and health
(Das et al., 2004). A pH of 7.9-8.3
(Ayyappan et al., 2006), dissolved oxygen levels of 8.32-9.1 mg L
-1 (above the 5 mg L
-1 minimum) and ammonia levels of 0.04-0.08 mg L
-1 (within the carp tolerance range) were all part of the
Labeo rohita culture conditions used in this investigation
(Das et al., 2004). To evaluate the effects of low temperatures, the temperature was kept at 18±0.5
oC throughout the period of the experiment. In order to investigate lipid requirements, six isonitrogenous, heterolipidic (L40 to L140) and hetero-energetic (15.14-17.95 MJ kg
-1) diets were prepared with 300.67 g kg
-1 protein and P:E ratios of 16.68–19.88 g protein MJ-1DE in accordance with accepted standards (
Halver, 2002). The crude fiber (6.99-7.52%), total ash (6.46-7.95%) and crude protein (30.02-30.4%) in the diet meet the nutritional requirements of Indian Major Carp
(Baruah et al., 2005). Fish growth at low temperatures depends on dietary lipid since it gives them energy and facilitates their absorption of nutrients
(Luc et al., 2024). Within this investigation,
Labeo rohita fingerlings raised in a RAS at 18 ± 0.5
oC demonstrated excellent development and feed efficiency at 90 g kg
-1 of dietary lipid level. This amount was consistently found to be optimal by polynomial regression and broken-line analyses, with AFW, PER and FCR peaking at 90.18 g kg
-1, 89.74 g kg
-1 and 90.58 g kg
-1, respectively. This balance is necessary since excessive fat deposition, early satiation, decreased feed intake, inadequate protein intake and metabolic stress were all brought on by greater lipid levels (
e.g., 120-140 g kg
-1), whereas lower levels (
e.g., 40-60 g kg
-1) resulted in energy deficits. These results are consistent with those of
Abdel-Ghany et al. (2021), who reported that Nile tilapia growth was optimal at 70-85 g kg
-1 lipid and
Mishra and Samantaray (2004), who noticed better PER and SGR in rohu at 8% lipid in the food reared in 21
oC. The significance of balancing lipid content and fatty acid composition was confirmed by similar findings in young cobia, striped bass and darkbarbel catfish
(Lutfi et al., 2023; Siciliani et al., 2023).
Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to start glycolysis and the endoplasmic reticulum’s glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) completes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
(Xia et al., 2024). The study found that G6Pase activity peaked at 90 g kg
-1 lipid level and then sharply declined beyond 100 g kg
-1, indicating that this level is ideal in order to encourage gluconeogenesis. According to
Paul et al. (2021) in butter catfish and
Atasever et al. (2014) in brown trout, excess lipids above this level may result in feedback inhibition or impair enzyme function, so this lipid level of 90 g kg
-1 provides adequate energy and metabolic precursors to support gluconeogenesis without causing metabolic overload. The pentose phosphate pathway’s NADPH synthesis depends on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), which likewise exhibited peak activity at 90 g kg
-1 lipid and decreased after 100 g kg
-1. Since excess lipids may interfere with glucose metabolism and lower NADPH production-which is essential for antioxidant defense and lipid biosynthesis-this reduction is most likely the result of either poor insulin sensitivity or cellular stress at higher lipid levels. In addition, this tendency has been observed in rainbow trout (
Hemre and Sandnes, 1999) and butter catfish (
Paul et al.,2021). An important enzyme in b-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), was most active at 90 g kg
-1 lipid and less effective above this range. Since excess lipids may affect mitochondrial function, this suggests a shift in metabolic pathways caused by substrate saturation or oxidative stress at higher lipid levels. This interpretation is comparable with observations reported from rainbow trout
(Turchini et al., 2013) and juvenile turbot
(Peng et al., 2014).
Supplying a nutritionally appropriate diet for rohu in RAS at freezing temperatures is essential for their development, immunity and ability to adapt physiologically. Arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular, assist reduce winter stress and promote homeoviscous adaption when consumed in adequate amounts. Understanding fatty acid dynamics in feed formulation is made easier by this work, which also emphasizes the necessity of PUFA-enriched diets for rohu in cold-water RAS and suggests more research in this area of study.