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Research Article

volume 53 issue 7 (july 2019) : 926-931,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3694

Bio-incidence and Bio-type of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in diarrheic dairy cattle and buffaloes of Punjab area in India

N
Nuzhat Hassan
C
Charanjit Singh Randhawa
D
Deepti Narang
S
Shoor Vir Singh
S
Shukriti Sharma
S
Swaran Singh
1Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-1410 04, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Hassan Nuzhat, Randhawa Singh Charanjit, Narang Deepti, Singh Vir Shoor, Sharma Shukriti, Singh Swaran (2019). Bio-incidence and Bio-type of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in diarrheic dairy cattle and buffaloes of Punjab area in India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(7): 926-931. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3694.

ABSTRACT

Dairy cattle and buffaloes (n=101) suffering from chronic diarrhea (>3 weeks) with complete history of duration of diarrhea, systemic effects, body condition and faecal abnormalities were included in this study. Faecal samples, whole blood and rectal biopsies from selected animals were collected for the detection of Mycobacterium avium-subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Faecal smears were prepared and examined for the load of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Acid fast clumps were recorded in 40.6 per cent (41/101) of diarrheic animals and PCR confirmation was made byIS900 primers. MAP was detected in blood samples of four animals (4/41), while faecal samples were positive only in two of these 4 animals. All the four animals had persistent watery diarrhea and progressive loss in body weights and productivity. Rectal biopsies of two animals were positive by PCR. Remission of clinical signs was observed in these animals within 2-months. Biotyping of MAP-DNA from blood samples by IS1311 PCR-REA revealed restriction pattern of 67, 218 and 325 bp suggesting that MAP DNA belonged to ‘Bison type’, which is a major biotype infecting domestic livestock in India.

REFERENCES

  1. Behr, M.A. and Collins, D. M. (2010). Paratuberculosis: organism, disease, control. Oxfordshire, UK, CABI; pp. 40-49. 
  2. Buergelt, C. D. and Ginn, P. E. (2000). The histopathologic diagnosis of subclinical Johne’s disease in North American Bison (Bison bison). Veterinary Microbiology, 77: 325-31.
  3. Chiodini, R. J., Van Kruiningen, H. J. and Merkal, R. S. (1984). Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Veterinarian, 74: 218-262.
  4. Garg. R., Patil, P., Singh, R., Sharma, S., Mahajan, V., Verma, S. and Sandhu, K. S. (2007). Epidemiology of Johne’s disease in organized dairy farms of Punjab and analysis of associated risk factors. In: Proc. 9th International Colloquium on paratuberculosis. [Nielsen S S (eds)] Tsukaba, Japan, pp.101
  5. Juste, R. A., Garrido, J. M., Geijo, M. V., Aduriz, G. and Sevilla, I. (2005). Comparison of blood polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnosis Investigations, 17(4): 354-9.
  6. Kaur, P., Filia, G., Singh, S. V., Patil, P. K. and Sandhu, K. S. (2010). Molecular detection and typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubs-    peciesparatuberculosis from milk samples of dairy animals. Tropical Animal Health and Production; 42:1031-35
  7. Kennedy, D.J. and Benedictus, G. (2001). Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in agricultural species. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 20:151-79.
  8. Kumar, P., Singh, S.V., Bhatiya, A. K., Sevilla, I., Singh, A. V., Whittington, R. J., Juste, R.A., et al. (2007) .Juvenile capri-paratuberculosis in India; Incidence and characterization of by six diagnostic tests. Small Ruminant Research, 73: 45-53.
  9. Marsh, I., Whittington, R. and Cousins, D. (1999). PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis for identification and strain typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.avium based on polymorphisms in IS1311. Molecular Cell Probes, 13:115-26.
  10. Millar, D. S., Withey, S. J., Tizard, M. L., Ford, J. G. and Hermon, T. J. (1995). Solid-phase hybridization capture of low-abundance target DNA sequences: application to the polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. silvaticum. Annals of Biochemistry; 226: 325-30. 
  11. Nielsen, S. S., Thamsborg, S. M., House, H. and Bitsch, V. (2000). Bulk-tank milk ELISA antibodies for estimating the prevalence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine; 44(1-2): 1-7. 
  12. OIE Terrestrial Manual. (2008). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) Section 2.1, Chapter 2.1.11, OIE, Paris, France.
  13. Quinn, P. J., Carter, M. E., Markey, B. and Carter, G. R. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Mosby, Elsevier Limited.
  14. Rajib, D. and Goswami P. P. (2013). Detection of cd4/cd8 ratio in mice immunized with a bicistronic plasmid construct encoding a ppe gene of asmid construct encoding a ppe gene of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and a cytokine gene of murine gamma interferon. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 47 (3): 240-243.
  15. Rajib, D., Vijay Kumar Saxena and Goswami, P.P. (2011). Diagnostic tools against diagnostic tools against Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis infection in animals: A Review. Agriculture Review, 32 (1): 46 – 54. 
  16. Ris, D. R., Hamel, K. L. and Ayling, J. M. (1988). The detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces by isolation and the comparison of isolation with the examination of stained smears by light microscopy. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 36: 112–14. 
  17. Sevilla, I., Singh, S. V. and Garrido, J. M. (2005). Molecular typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubspecies paratuberculosis strains from different hosts and regions. Revue Scientifiqueet Technique, 24: 1061-66.
  18. Sevilla, I., Singh, S. V., Juste, R. A., Kumar, V. and Bhatia, A. K. (2004). Paratuberculosis Bison genotype strains isolated from sheep and goats in India. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology, 6:137. 
  19. Sharma, G., Singh, S. V., Sevilla, I., Singh, A. V., Whittington, R. J., Juste, R. A., Kumar, S., et al. (2008). Evaluation of indigenous milk ELISA with m-culture and m-PCR for the diagnosis of bovine Johne’s disease (BJD) in lactating Indian dairy cattle. Research in Veterinary Sciences, 84: 30-37.
  20. Sharma, G., Singh, S.V., Singh, A.V., Kumar, P., Kumar, S. and Yadav, D. (2004). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. parat    uberculosis in raw milk of cattle and its molecular characterization. In: Proceedings of the 45th II Annual Conferences of Association of Microbiologist of India. FDM, pp. 53-54.
  21. Singh, P. K., Singh, S. V., Kumar, H., Sohal, J. S. and Singh, A. V. (2010). Diagnostic application of IS900 PCR using blood as a source sample for the detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis in early and subclinical cases of caprineparatuberculosis. Veterinary Medicine International, 7: 486-21. 
  22. Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Singh, R., Sandhu, K. S. and Gupta, V. K. (2005). Survey of ruminant population of Northern India for the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. 8thInt Colloq Paratb.; pp. 60. DFVF Denmark.
  23. Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Singh, R., Sharma, S., Shukla, N., Misra, S. and Sandhu, K. S. (2008). Sero-prevalence of bovine Johne’s disease in buffaloes and cattle population of north India using indigenous ELISA kit based on native Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ‘Bison type’ genotype of goat origin. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 31: 419-33.
  24. Singh, S. V., Solanki, M., Kumar, A., Singh, P. K., Singh, A. V., Singh, B. and Sohal, J. S. (2011). Comparative evaluation of improved ‘Modified Microscopic Test’ with traditional microscopy, indigenous ELISA kit, Faecal and blood PCR for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium aviumsubs paratuberculosisin goatherd endemic for Johne’s disease. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences, 1: 8-15.
  25. Sivakumar, P., Tripathi, B. N. and Nem Singh. (2005). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in intestinal and lymph node tissues of water buffaloes (Bubalusbubalis) by PCR and bacterial culture. Veterinary Microbiology; 108: 263-70. 
  26. Sweeney, R. W., Collins, M. T., Koets, A. P., McGuirk, S. M. and Roussel, A. J. (2012). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in cattle and other susceptible species. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine; 26: 1239-50. 
  27. Tripathi, B. N., Periasamy, S., Paliwal, O. P .and Nem Singh. (2006). Comparison of IS900 tissue PCR, bacterial culture, johnin and serological tests for diagnosis of naturally occurring paratuberculosis in goats. Veterinary Microbiology, 116: 129-37.
  28. Van der Zee, H. and Huis-Veld, J. H. J. (2000). Methods for the rapid detection of Salmonella. In Salmonella in Domestic Animals, pp. 373–391.
  29. Van Embden, J. D. A., Cave, D., Crawford, J. T., Dale, J. W., Eisenach, K. D., Gicquel, B., Hermans, P.,et al. (1993). Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: Recommendations for a standardized methodology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31: 406.
  30. Vary, P. H., Andersen, P. R., Green, E., Hermon, T. J. and McFadden, J. J. (1990). Use of highly specific DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Johne’s disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28: 933-37.
  31. Vihan, V. S., Singh, N. and Singh, S. V. (1989). Preliminary observations on faecal culture test for the detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in goats. Indian Journal of Animal Science; 59: 1522-24.
  32. Whitlock, R. H. and Buergelt, C. (1996). Preclinical and clinical manifestations of paratuberculosis (including pathology). Veterinary Clinics of North America North American: Food Animal Practice; 12 (2): 345-56.
  33. Whittington, R. J. and Sergeant, E. S. (2001). Progress towards understanding the spread, detection and control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in animal populations. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79: 387-98.
  34. Yadav, D., Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Sevilla, I., Juste, R. A., Singh, P. K. and Sohal, J. S. (2008). Pathogenic ‘Bison-type’ Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosisgenotype characterized from riverine buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) in North India. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 31: 73-87. 
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 7 (july 2019) : 926-931,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3694

    Bio-incidence and Bio-type of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in diarrheic dairy cattle and buffaloes of Punjab area in India

    N
    Nuzhat Hassan
    C
    Charanjit Singh Randhawa
    D
    Deepti Narang
    S
    Shoor Vir Singh
    S
    Shukriti Sharma
    S
    Swaran Singh
    1Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-1410 04, Punjab, India.
    Cite article:- Hassan Nuzhat, Randhawa Singh Charanjit, Narang Deepti, Singh Vir Shoor, Sharma Shukriti, Singh Swaran (2019). Bio-incidence and Bio-type of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in diarrheic dairy cattle and buffaloes of Punjab area in India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(7): 926-931. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3694.

    ABSTRACT

    Dairy cattle and buffaloes (n=101) suffering from chronic diarrhea (>3 weeks) with complete history of duration of diarrhea, systemic effects, body condition and faecal abnormalities were included in this study. Faecal samples, whole blood and rectal biopsies from selected animals were collected for the detection of Mycobacterium avium-subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Faecal smears were prepared and examined for the load of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Acid fast clumps were recorded in 40.6 per cent (41/101) of diarrheic animals and PCR confirmation was made byIS900 primers. MAP was detected in blood samples of four animals (4/41), while faecal samples were positive only in two of these 4 animals. All the four animals had persistent watery diarrhea and progressive loss in body weights and productivity. Rectal biopsies of two animals were positive by PCR. Remission of clinical signs was observed in these animals within 2-months. Biotyping of MAP-DNA from blood samples by IS1311 PCR-REA revealed restriction pattern of 67, 218 and 325 bp suggesting that MAP DNA belonged to ‘Bison type’, which is a major biotype infecting domestic livestock in India.

    REFERENCES

    1. Behr, M.A. and Collins, D. M. (2010). Paratuberculosis: organism, disease, control. Oxfordshire, UK, CABI; pp. 40-49. 
    2. Buergelt, C. D. and Ginn, P. E. (2000). The histopathologic diagnosis of subclinical Johne’s disease in North American Bison (Bison bison). Veterinary Microbiology, 77: 325-31.
    3. Chiodini, R. J., Van Kruiningen, H. J. and Merkal, R. S. (1984). Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Veterinarian, 74: 218-262.
    4. Garg. R., Patil, P., Singh, R., Sharma, S., Mahajan, V., Verma, S. and Sandhu, K. S. (2007). Epidemiology of Johne’s disease in organized dairy farms of Punjab and analysis of associated risk factors. In: Proc. 9th International Colloquium on paratuberculosis. [Nielsen S S (eds)] Tsukaba, Japan, pp.101
    5. Juste, R. A., Garrido, J. M., Geijo, M. V., Aduriz, G. and Sevilla, I. (2005). Comparison of blood polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnosis Investigations, 17(4): 354-9.
    6. Kaur, P., Filia, G., Singh, S. V., Patil, P. K. and Sandhu, K. S. (2010). Molecular detection and typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubs-    peciesparatuberculosis from milk samples of dairy animals. Tropical Animal Health and Production; 42:1031-35
    7. Kennedy, D.J. and Benedictus, G. (2001). Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in agricultural species. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 20:151-79.
    8. Kumar, P., Singh, S.V., Bhatiya, A. K., Sevilla, I., Singh, A. V., Whittington, R. J., Juste, R.A., et al. (2007) .Juvenile capri-paratuberculosis in India; Incidence and characterization of by six diagnostic tests. Small Ruminant Research, 73: 45-53.
    9. Marsh, I., Whittington, R. and Cousins, D. (1999). PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis for identification and strain typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.avium based on polymorphisms in IS1311. Molecular Cell Probes, 13:115-26.
    10. Millar, D. S., Withey, S. J., Tizard, M. L., Ford, J. G. and Hermon, T. J. (1995). Solid-phase hybridization capture of low-abundance target DNA sequences: application to the polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. silvaticum. Annals of Biochemistry; 226: 325-30. 
    11. Nielsen, S. S., Thamsborg, S. M., House, H. and Bitsch, V. (2000). Bulk-tank milk ELISA antibodies for estimating the prevalence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine; 44(1-2): 1-7. 
    12. OIE Terrestrial Manual. (2008). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) Section 2.1, Chapter 2.1.11, OIE, Paris, France.
    13. Quinn, P. J., Carter, M. E., Markey, B. and Carter, G. R. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Mosby, Elsevier Limited.
    14. Rajib, D. and Goswami P. P. (2013). Detection of cd4/cd8 ratio in mice immunized with a bicistronic plasmid construct encoding a ppe gene of asmid construct encoding a ppe gene of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and a cytokine gene of murine gamma interferon. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 47 (3): 240-243.
    15. Rajib, D., Vijay Kumar Saxena and Goswami, P.P. (2011). Diagnostic tools against diagnostic tools against Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis infection in animals: A Review. Agriculture Review, 32 (1): 46 – 54. 
    16. Ris, D. R., Hamel, K. L. and Ayling, J. M. (1988). The detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces by isolation and the comparison of isolation with the examination of stained smears by light microscopy. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 36: 112–14. 
    17. Sevilla, I., Singh, S. V. and Garrido, J. M. (2005). Molecular typing of Mycobacterium aviumsubspecies paratuberculosis strains from different hosts and regions. Revue Scientifiqueet Technique, 24: 1061-66.
    18. Sevilla, I., Singh, S. V., Juste, R. A., Kumar, V. and Bhatia, A. K. (2004). Paratuberculosis Bison genotype strains isolated from sheep and goats in India. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology, 6:137. 
    19. Sharma, G., Singh, S. V., Sevilla, I., Singh, A. V., Whittington, R. J., Juste, R. A., Kumar, S., et al. (2008). Evaluation of indigenous milk ELISA with m-culture and m-PCR for the diagnosis of bovine Johne’s disease (BJD) in lactating Indian dairy cattle. Research in Veterinary Sciences, 84: 30-37.
    20. Sharma, G., Singh, S.V., Singh, A.V., Kumar, P., Kumar, S. and Yadav, D. (2004). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. parat    uberculosis in raw milk of cattle and its molecular characterization. In: Proceedings of the 45th II Annual Conferences of Association of Microbiologist of India. FDM, pp. 53-54.
    21. Singh, P. K., Singh, S. V., Kumar, H., Sohal, J. S. and Singh, A. V. (2010). Diagnostic application of IS900 PCR using blood as a source sample for the detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis in early and subclinical cases of caprineparatuberculosis. Veterinary Medicine International, 7: 486-21. 
    22. Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Singh, R., Sandhu, K. S. and Gupta, V. K. (2005). Survey of ruminant population of Northern India for the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. 8thInt Colloq Paratb.; pp. 60. DFVF Denmark.
    23. Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Singh, R., Sharma, S., Shukla, N., Misra, S. and Sandhu, K. S. (2008). Sero-prevalence of bovine Johne’s disease in buffaloes and cattle population of north India using indigenous ELISA kit based on native Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ‘Bison type’ genotype of goat origin. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 31: 419-33.
    24. Singh, S. V., Solanki, M., Kumar, A., Singh, P. K., Singh, A. V., Singh, B. and Sohal, J. S. (2011). Comparative evaluation of improved ‘Modified Microscopic Test’ with traditional microscopy, indigenous ELISA kit, Faecal and blood PCR for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium aviumsubs paratuberculosisin goatherd endemic for Johne’s disease. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences, 1: 8-15.
    25. Sivakumar, P., Tripathi, B. N. and Nem Singh. (2005). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in intestinal and lymph node tissues of water buffaloes (Bubalusbubalis) by PCR and bacterial culture. Veterinary Microbiology; 108: 263-70. 
    26. Sweeney, R. W., Collins, M. T., Koets, A. P., McGuirk, S. M. and Roussel, A. J. (2012). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in cattle and other susceptible species. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine; 26: 1239-50. 
    27. Tripathi, B. N., Periasamy, S., Paliwal, O. P .and Nem Singh. (2006). Comparison of IS900 tissue PCR, bacterial culture, johnin and serological tests for diagnosis of naturally occurring paratuberculosis in goats. Veterinary Microbiology, 116: 129-37.
    28. Van der Zee, H. and Huis-Veld, J. H. J. (2000). Methods for the rapid detection of Salmonella. In Salmonella in Domestic Animals, pp. 373–391.
    29. Van Embden, J. D. A., Cave, D., Crawford, J. T., Dale, J. W., Eisenach, K. D., Gicquel, B., Hermans, P.,et al. (1993). Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: Recommendations for a standardized methodology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31: 406.
    30. Vary, P. H., Andersen, P. R., Green, E., Hermon, T. J. and McFadden, J. J. (1990). Use of highly specific DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Johne’s disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28: 933-37.
    31. Vihan, V. S., Singh, N. and Singh, S. V. (1989). Preliminary observations on faecal culture test for the detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in goats. Indian Journal of Animal Science; 59: 1522-24.
    32. Whitlock, R. H. and Buergelt, C. (1996). Preclinical and clinical manifestations of paratuberculosis (including pathology). Veterinary Clinics of North America North American: Food Animal Practice; 12 (2): 345-56.
    33. Whittington, R. J. and Sergeant, E. S. (2001). Progress towards understanding the spread, detection and control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in animal populations. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79: 387-98.
    34. Yadav, D., Singh, S. V., Singh, A. V., Sevilla, I., Juste, R. A., Singh, P. K. and Sohal, J. S. (2008). Pathogenic ‘Bison-type’ Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosisgenotype characterized from riverine buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) in North India. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 31: 73-87. 
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