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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1121-1128,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3609

Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and social organization of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of North East India

S
Susmita Das
P
Partha Pratim Das
B
Banasmita Das
D
Dharmeswar Das
T
Tarun Kumar Bhattacharya
P
Pranab Jyoti Das
1ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati-781 131, Assam, India.
Cite article:- Das Susmita, Das Pratim Partha, Das Banasmita, Das Dharmeswar, Bhattacharya Kumar Tarun, Das Jyoti Pranab (2018). Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and social organization of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of North East India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1121-1128. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3609.

ABSTRACT

North east India is one of the exotic hotspots for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and harbors about half of the global population of the Asian elephant. Here we present the first population genetic study of free-ranging Asian elephants, examining within- and among-population differentiation by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differentiation across the Brahmaputra valley and elephant reserves of North east India. Surprisingly, the population here had shown lower mtDNA haplotype diversity with little mtDNA differentiation among localities within the Brahmaputra valley. This suggests extensive gene flow in the past, which is compatible with the home ranges of several hundred square kilometers for elephants in this region. Conversely, the Brahmaputra valley population is genetically distinct at a mitochondrial level than other tested elephant populations. These results significantly indicate the importance of population bottlenecks, social organization, and bio-geographic barriers in shaping the distribution of genetic variations among Asian elephant populations in North east India.

REFERENCES

  1. Baskaran N., Varma S., Sar C. and Sukumar R. (2011) Current status of Asian elephants in India. Gajah 35: 47-54.
  2. Basudha N.S.C. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Barbin fishes of North-East Indiabased on mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene sequences. Indian Journal of Animal Research 51: 1062-5.
  3. Brodski- L., Ivanov V., Kala-dzidis I., Leontovich A., Nikolaev V., Feranchuk S. and Drachev V. (1995) GeneBee-NET: An Internet based server for biopolymer structure analysis. Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia) 60, 1221-30.
  4. Di Pietro F., Ortenzi F., Tilio M., Concetti F. and Napolioni V. (2011) Genomic DNA extraction from whole blood stored from 15-to 30-years at” 20 C by rapid phenol–chloroform protocol: A useful tool for genetic epidemiology studies. Molecular and cellular probes 25: 44-8.
  5. Hiendleder S., Kaupe B., Wassmuth R. and Janke A. (2002) Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269: 893-904.
  6. Hiendleder S., Lewalski H., Wassmuth R. and Janke A. (1998) The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and comparison with the other major ovine haplotype. Journal of Molecular Evolution 47: 441-8.
  7. Ingman M., Kaessmann H., Pääbo S. and Gyllensten U. (2001) correction: Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 410: 611-.
  8. Kumar V. and Gupta I. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis and comparative study of Sahiwal cattle CD14 gene. Indian Journal of Animal Research 49: 434-7.
  9. Nicholls T.J. and Minczuk M. (2014) In D-loop: 40years of mitochondrial 7S DNA. Experimental gerontology 56: 175-81.
  10. Seymour G.B., Ryder C.D., Cevik V., Hammond J.P., Popovich A., King G.J., Vrebalov J., Giovannoni J.J. and Manning K. (2010) A SEPALLATA gene is involved in the development and ripening of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) fruit, a non-climacteric tissue. Journal of experimental botany 62: 1179-88.
  11. Smith D.R. (2015) The past, present and future of mitochondrial genomics: have we sequenced enough mtDNAs? Briefings in functional genomics 15: 47-54.
  12. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. and Kumar S. (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596-9.
  13. Tattersall I. (2004) What happened in the origin of human consciousness? The Anatomical Record 276:19-26.
  14. Thomas M.G., Hagelberg E., Jones H.B., Yang Z. and Lister A.M. (2000) Molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the Elephantidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 267: 2493-500.
  15. Vidya T., Fernando P., Melnick D. and Sukumar R. (2005) Population genetic structure and conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across India. In: Animal Conservation forum, pp. 377-88. Cambridge University Press.
  16. Wallace D.C. (2010) Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. Environmental and Molecular mutagenesis 51: 440-50.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1121-1128,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3609

    Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and social organization of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of North East India

    S
    Susmita Das
    P
    Partha Pratim Das
    B
    Banasmita Das
    D
    Dharmeswar Das
    T
    Tarun Kumar Bhattacharya
    P
    Pranab Jyoti Das
    1ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati-781 131, Assam, India.
    Cite article:- Das Susmita, Das Pratim Partha, Das Banasmita, Das Dharmeswar, Bhattacharya Kumar Tarun, Das Jyoti Pranab (2018). Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and social organization of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of North East India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1121-1128. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3609.

    ABSTRACT

    North east India is one of the exotic hotspots for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and harbors about half of the global population of the Asian elephant. Here we present the first population genetic study of free-ranging Asian elephants, examining within- and among-population differentiation by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differentiation across the Brahmaputra valley and elephant reserves of North east India. Surprisingly, the population here had shown lower mtDNA haplotype diversity with little mtDNA differentiation among localities within the Brahmaputra valley. This suggests extensive gene flow in the past, which is compatible with the home ranges of several hundred square kilometers for elephants in this region. Conversely, the Brahmaputra valley population is genetically distinct at a mitochondrial level than other tested elephant populations. These results significantly indicate the importance of population bottlenecks, social organization, and bio-geographic barriers in shaping the distribution of genetic variations among Asian elephant populations in North east India.

    REFERENCES

    1. Baskaran N., Varma S., Sar C. and Sukumar R. (2011) Current status of Asian elephants in India. Gajah 35: 47-54.
    2. Basudha N.S.C. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Barbin fishes of North-East Indiabased on mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene sequences. Indian Journal of Animal Research 51: 1062-5.
    3. Brodski- L., Ivanov V., Kala-dzidis I., Leontovich A., Nikolaev V., Feranchuk S. and Drachev V. (1995) GeneBee-NET: An Internet based server for biopolymer structure analysis. Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia) 60, 1221-30.
    4. Di Pietro F., Ortenzi F., Tilio M., Concetti F. and Napolioni V. (2011) Genomic DNA extraction from whole blood stored from 15-to 30-years at” 20 C by rapid phenol–chloroform protocol: A useful tool for genetic epidemiology studies. Molecular and cellular probes 25: 44-8.
    5. Hiendleder S., Kaupe B., Wassmuth R. and Janke A. (2002) Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269: 893-904.
    6. Hiendleder S., Lewalski H., Wassmuth R. and Janke A. (1998) The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and comparison with the other major ovine haplotype. Journal of Molecular Evolution 47: 441-8.
    7. Ingman M., Kaessmann H., Pääbo S. and Gyllensten U. (2001) correction: Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 410: 611-.
    8. Kumar V. and Gupta I. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis and comparative study of Sahiwal cattle CD14 gene. Indian Journal of Animal Research 49: 434-7.
    9. Nicholls T.J. and Minczuk M. (2014) In D-loop: 40years of mitochondrial 7S DNA. Experimental gerontology 56: 175-81.
    10. Seymour G.B., Ryder C.D., Cevik V., Hammond J.P., Popovich A., King G.J., Vrebalov J., Giovannoni J.J. and Manning K. (2010) A SEPALLATA gene is involved in the development and ripening of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) fruit, a non-climacteric tissue. Journal of experimental botany 62: 1179-88.
    11. Smith D.R. (2015) The past, present and future of mitochondrial genomics: have we sequenced enough mtDNAs? Briefings in functional genomics 15: 47-54.
    12. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. and Kumar S. (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596-9.
    13. Tattersall I. (2004) What happened in the origin of human consciousness? The Anatomical Record 276:19-26.
    14. Thomas M.G., Hagelberg E., Jones H.B., Yang Z. and Lister A.M. (2000) Molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the Elephantidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 267: 2493-500.
    15. Vidya T., Fernando P., Melnick D. and Sukumar R. (2005) Population genetic structure and conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across India. In: Animal Conservation forum, pp. 377-88. Cambridge University Press.
    16. Wallace D.C. (2010) Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. Environmental and Molecular mutagenesis 51: 440-50.
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