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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 11 (november 2018) : 1573-1577,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3409

Ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India
 

U
Uiase Bin Farooq
A
Adarsh kumar
R
Rajni Chaudhary
1Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
Cite article:- Farooq Bin Uiase, kumar Adarsh, Chaudhary Rajni (2017). Ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(11): 1573-1577. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3409.

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks for locating liver and spleen and to generate sonographic calliper measurements along with dynamic parameters of these organs. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 50 native adult (Spiti horses and Himalayan hill mules) healthy unsedated equines of either sex. The thickness, character and echo-architecture of liver and spleen were recorded. In horses, the right lobe of liver was found from 8th to 15th intercostal space (ICS) and left lobe from 6th to 11th (±1) ICS, while in mules the right liver lobe was found between 6th to 15th (±1) ICS and left lobe between 6th to 9th (±1) ICS. The liver was recognized by its branching vasculature and architecture was found relatively homogenous. In addition ventral edges were distinctly sharp. Spleen was found from 8th to 17th ICS both in horses as well as in mules. The splenic parenchyma was homogenously granular in appearance with few blood vessels and most echogenic organ in the abdominal cavity of equines. The only measurement that was reliably obtained was the central thickness or depth of the spleen, which varied from 41.4 to 68.4 mm (Mean± SE= 50.84±4.61 mm) in horses and 37.9 to 51.6 mm (Mean± SE = 42.76±2.34 mm) in mules. Therefore detailed ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen helped us to compile baseline data, which will be helpful in management of the affections of liver and spleen in future.

REFERENCES

  1. Aleman M, Gillis CL, Nieto JE, Renaudin CD, Bea J (2002). Ultrasonographic anatomy and biometric analysis of the thoracic and abdominal organs in healthy foals from birth age six months. Equine Veterinary Journal 34(7):649-655
  2. Barton MH (2011). Understanding abdominal ultrasonography in horses: which way is up.Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 33:.E1-E7.
  3. Desrocher A (2005). Abdominal ultrasonography of normal and colicky adult horses. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners Focus Meeting on Equine Colic. pp 20-26.
  4. Epstein K, Short D, Parente E, Reef V, Southwood L (2008). Gastrointestinal ultrasonography in normal adult ponies. Vet. Radiol and Ultrasound 49(3): 282-286.
  5. Freeman S (2002). Ultrasonography of the equine abdomen techniques and normal findings. J. British. Vet. Assoc., 24(4): 204-211.
  6. Freeman S (2003). Diagnostic ultrasonography of the mature equine abdomen. Equine Vet. Educ., 15(6): 319-330.
  7. McAuliffe SB (2004). Abdominal ultrasonography of the foal. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3(3): 308-316
  8. Porter MB, Ramirez S(2005). Equine neonatal thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography. Veterinary clinics of North America: Equine Practice 21(2): 407-429
  9. Rantanen NW (1986). Diseases of the abdomen. Veterinary clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2(1):67-88
  10. Reef VB (1991).The use of diagnostic ultrasound in the horse. Ultrasound Quarterly 9(1): 1-34
  11. Reef VB (1998). Adult abdominal ultrasonography: Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia, USA, WB Saunders Co. PP: 273-357.
  12. Reef VB, Whitter M, Allam LG (2004). Sonographic evaluation of the adult abdomen. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3(3): 294-307
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 11 (november 2018) : 1573-1577,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3409

    Ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India
     

    U
    Uiase Bin Farooq
    A
    Adarsh kumar
    R
    Rajni Chaudhary
    1Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
    Cite article:- Farooq Bin Uiase, kumar Adarsh, Chaudhary Rajni (2017). Ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(11): 1573-1577. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3409.

    ABSTRACT

    The main objective of this study was to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks for locating liver and spleen and to generate sonographic calliper measurements along with dynamic parameters of these organs. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 50 native adult (Spiti horses and Himalayan hill mules) healthy unsedated equines of either sex. The thickness, character and echo-architecture of liver and spleen were recorded. In horses, the right lobe of liver was found from 8th to 15th intercostal space (ICS) and left lobe from 6th to 11th (±1) ICS, while in mules the right liver lobe was found between 6th to 15th (±1) ICS and left lobe between 6th to 9th (±1) ICS. The liver was recognized by its branching vasculature and architecture was found relatively homogenous. In addition ventral edges were distinctly sharp. Spleen was found from 8th to 17th ICS both in horses as well as in mules. The splenic parenchyma was homogenously granular in appearance with few blood vessels and most echogenic organ in the abdominal cavity of equines. The only measurement that was reliably obtained was the central thickness or depth of the spleen, which varied from 41.4 to 68.4 mm (Mean± SE= 50.84±4.61 mm) in horses and 37.9 to 51.6 mm (Mean± SE = 42.76±2.34 mm) in mules. Therefore detailed ultrasonographic examination of liver and spleen helped us to compile baseline data, which will be helpful in management of the affections of liver and spleen in future.

    REFERENCES

    1. Aleman M, Gillis CL, Nieto JE, Renaudin CD, Bea J (2002). Ultrasonographic anatomy and biometric analysis of the thoracic and abdominal organs in healthy foals from birth age six months. Equine Veterinary Journal 34(7):649-655
    2. Barton MH (2011). Understanding abdominal ultrasonography in horses: which way is up.Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 33:.E1-E7.
    3. Desrocher A (2005). Abdominal ultrasonography of normal and colicky adult horses. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners Focus Meeting on Equine Colic. pp 20-26.
    4. Epstein K, Short D, Parente E, Reef V, Southwood L (2008). Gastrointestinal ultrasonography in normal adult ponies. Vet. Radiol and Ultrasound 49(3): 282-286.
    5. Freeman S (2002). Ultrasonography of the equine abdomen techniques and normal findings. J. British. Vet. Assoc., 24(4): 204-211.
    6. Freeman S (2003). Diagnostic ultrasonography of the mature equine abdomen. Equine Vet. Educ., 15(6): 319-330.
    7. McAuliffe SB (2004). Abdominal ultrasonography of the foal. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3(3): 308-316
    8. Porter MB, Ramirez S(2005). Equine neonatal thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography. Veterinary clinics of North America: Equine Practice 21(2): 407-429
    9. Rantanen NW (1986). Diseases of the abdomen. Veterinary clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2(1):67-88
    10. Reef VB (1991).The use of diagnostic ultrasound in the horse. Ultrasound Quarterly 9(1): 1-34
    11. Reef VB (1998). Adult abdominal ultrasonography: Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia, USA, WB Saunders Co. PP: 273-357.
    12. Reef VB, Whitter M, Allam LG (2004). Sonographic evaluation of the adult abdomen. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3(3): 294-307
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