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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 9 (september 2018) : 1337-1342,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3352

Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India

D
Durlav Prasad Bora
B
Biswajyoti Borah
M
Mousumi Bora
P
Parikshit Kakati
S
Samsun Nehar
L
Lakshya Jyoti Dutta
P
Puja Mech
N
Nagendra Nath Barman
G
Gnanavel Venkatesan
G
G.B Manjunatha Reddy
S
Sailendra Kumar Das
1Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022, Assam, India
Cite article:- Bora Prasad Durlav, Borah Biswajyoti, Bora Mousumi, Kakati Parikshit, Nehar Samsun, Dutta Jyoti Lakshya, Mech Puja, Barman Nath Nagendra, Venkatesan Gnanavel, Reddy Manjunatha G.B, Das Kumar Sailendra (2017). Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(9): 1337-1342. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3352.

ABSTRACT

Two outbreaks of Swinepox in pig population of north-east India were investigated. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical signs, lesions, electron microscopy and by molecular techniques. The virus was identified by PCR amplification targeting the viral late transcription factor-3 (VLTF-3) gene of swinepox virus. The VLTF-3 gene was cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on VLTF-3 gene sequence showed that the Swinepox viruses identified in these outbreaks were clustered along with the other Swinepox isolates reported across the globe and were distinctly separated from the other members of the poxviridae family. The north-eastern states of India, being a hub for pig husbandry, are the home for over a quarter of all India’s pig population. Till now swinepox was not reported from this part of India. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on detection and characterization of swinepox from the north-eastern part of India. 

REFERENCES

  1. Afonso, C. L., E. R. Tulman., Z. Lu., L. Zsak., F. A. Osorio., C. Balinsky., G. F. Kutish and D. L. Rock (2002). The Genome of Swinepox Virus. Journal of Virology, 76: 783-790 .
  2. Borst, G.H., Kimman, T.G., Gielkens, A.L. and Vander Kamp, J.S. (1990). Four sporadic cases of congenital swinepox. Vet. Rec. 127: 61-63.
  3. Catroxo, M. H. B., Pongiluppi, T., Melo, N. A., Milanelo, L., Petrella, S., Martins, A. M. C. P. F. and Reboucas, M. M. (2009). Identification of poxvirus under transmission electron microscopy during outbreak period in wild birds, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int. J. Morphol. 27(2):577-585.
  4. Cheville, N. F. (1966). The cytopathology of swinepox in the skin of swine. Am. J. Pathol. 49: 339–352.
  5. Deka, R., Thorpe, W., Lapar, L. M. and Kumar, A. (2007). Assam’s pig sub-sector: current status, constraints and opportunities. Project report, International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
  6. Docherty, D. E., Long, R. I., Flickinger, E. L. and Locke, L. N. (1991). Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.). Avian Dis. 35 (1):244-7.
  7. Dunphy H.C. (2010). Molecular pathology of Hematolymphoid Diseases. Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London, PP 586.
  8. Francki, R. B., Faquot, C. M., Knudsen, D. L. and Brown, F. (1991). Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. Arch Virol. Suppl 2. New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 320-326 .
  9. Garg, S. K. and Meyer, R. C. (1972). Adaptation of swinepox virus to an established cell line. Applied Microbiology, 23:180-182 .
  10. Goto, M., Nakamatsu, M., Morita, M. and Fukui, T. (1968): An outbreak of swine pox-like disease in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, Jpn J Vet Sci, 30: 61-71.
  11. Hazelton, P. R. and Gelderblom, H. R. (2003). Electron microscopy for rapid diagnosis of emerging infectious agents in emergent situations. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9(3):294-303.
  12. House, J.A. and C.A. House. (1994). Swinepox, Diseases of Swine, 7th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames p. 358–361.
  13. Jindal, N., Barua, S., Riyesh, T., Lather, A. and Narang, G. (2015). Molecular detection of swinepox virus in two piggery units in Haryana State. Haryana Vet. 54 (1), 72-74 
  14. Kasza, L. and Griesemer, R. A. (1962). Experimental swinepox. Am J Vet Res 23:443-450.
  15. Manickam, R. and Mohan, M. (1987). A note on outbreak of swinepox in large White Yorkshire piglets. Indian J Vet Med. 71-2.
  16. McNutt, S.H., Murray, C. and Purwin, P. (1929). Swine pox. JAVMA. 74:752.
  17. Medaglia, M. L. G., Pereira, A. De C., Freitas, T. R. P. and Damaso, C. R. (2011). Swinepox virus outbreak, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17(10): 1976–1978 
  18. Mittal, D., Mahajan, V., Pathak, D. and Filia, G. (2011). Differential diagnosis of swinepox during an outbreak. Indian. Vet. J. 88 (11): 9-11 .
  19. Nitsche, A., Stern, D., Ellerbrok H. and Pauli, G. (2006). Detection of infectious poxvirus particles. Emerg. Infec. Dis., 12(7):1139-41.
  20. Riyesh, T., Barua, S., Kumar, N., Jindal, N., Bera, B. C., Narang, G., Mahajan, N. K., Arora, D., Anand, T., Vaid, R. K., Yadav, M., Chandel, S. S., Malik, P., Tripathi B. N., Singh, R. K. (2016). Isolation and genetic characterization of swinepox virus from pigs in India. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.001 (online first article).
  21. Shope, R. E. (1940). Swinepox. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch., I, 457-467.
  22. Singh, J. L., Gupta, D.K., Kumar, M., Chandra, R., Shukla, S. K. and Kumar, S. (2005). Clinico-pathological observation and therapeutic management of swine pox in a piggery farm. Indian J. Vet Med. 25 (1): 68-70.
  23. Tamura, K; Peterson, D.; Peterson, N.; Stecher, G.; Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 28(10):2731-9.
  24. Thibault, S., Drolet, R. and Alain, R. (1998). Congenital swine pox: A sporadic skin disorder in nursing piglets. Swine Health Prod, 6(6):276–278. 
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 9 (september 2018) : 1337-1342,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3352

    Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India

    D
    Durlav Prasad Bora
    B
    Biswajyoti Borah
    M
    Mousumi Bora
    P
    Parikshit Kakati
    S
    Samsun Nehar
    L
    Lakshya Jyoti Dutta
    P
    Puja Mech
    N
    Nagendra Nath Barman
    G
    Gnanavel Venkatesan
    G
    G.B Manjunatha Reddy
    S
    Sailendra Kumar Das
    1Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022, Assam, India
    Cite article:- Bora Prasad Durlav, Borah Biswajyoti, Bora Mousumi, Kakati Parikshit, Nehar Samsun, Dutta Jyoti Lakshya, Mech Puja, Barman Nath Nagendra, Venkatesan Gnanavel, Reddy Manjunatha G.B, Das Kumar Sailendra (2017). Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(9): 1337-1342. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3352.

    ABSTRACT

    Two outbreaks of Swinepox in pig population of north-east India were investigated. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical signs, lesions, electron microscopy and by molecular techniques. The virus was identified by PCR amplification targeting the viral late transcription factor-3 (VLTF-3) gene of swinepox virus. The VLTF-3 gene was cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on VLTF-3 gene sequence showed that the Swinepox viruses identified in these outbreaks were clustered along with the other Swinepox isolates reported across the globe and were distinctly separated from the other members of the poxviridae family. The north-eastern states of India, being a hub for pig husbandry, are the home for over a quarter of all India’s pig population. Till now swinepox was not reported from this part of India. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on detection and characterization of swinepox from the north-eastern part of India. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Afonso, C. L., E. R. Tulman., Z. Lu., L. Zsak., F. A. Osorio., C. Balinsky., G. F. Kutish and D. L. Rock (2002). The Genome of Swinepox Virus. Journal of Virology, 76: 783-790 .
    2. Borst, G.H., Kimman, T.G., Gielkens, A.L. and Vander Kamp, J.S. (1990). Four sporadic cases of congenital swinepox. Vet. Rec. 127: 61-63.
    3. Catroxo, M. H. B., Pongiluppi, T., Melo, N. A., Milanelo, L., Petrella, S., Martins, A. M. C. P. F. and Reboucas, M. M. (2009). Identification of poxvirus under transmission electron microscopy during outbreak period in wild birds, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int. J. Morphol. 27(2):577-585.
    4. Cheville, N. F. (1966). The cytopathology of swinepox in the skin of swine. Am. J. Pathol. 49: 339–352.
    5. Deka, R., Thorpe, W., Lapar, L. M. and Kumar, A. (2007). Assam’s pig sub-sector: current status, constraints and opportunities. Project report, International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
    6. Docherty, D. E., Long, R. I., Flickinger, E. L. and Locke, L. N. (1991). Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.). Avian Dis. 35 (1):244-7.
    7. Dunphy H.C. (2010). Molecular pathology of Hematolymphoid Diseases. Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London, PP 586.
    8. Francki, R. B., Faquot, C. M., Knudsen, D. L. and Brown, F. (1991). Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. Arch Virol. Suppl 2. New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 320-326 .
    9. Garg, S. K. and Meyer, R. C. (1972). Adaptation of swinepox virus to an established cell line. Applied Microbiology, 23:180-182 .
    10. Goto, M., Nakamatsu, M., Morita, M. and Fukui, T. (1968): An outbreak of swine pox-like disease in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, Jpn J Vet Sci, 30: 61-71.
    11. Hazelton, P. R. and Gelderblom, H. R. (2003). Electron microscopy for rapid diagnosis of emerging infectious agents in emergent situations. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9(3):294-303.
    12. House, J.A. and C.A. House. (1994). Swinepox, Diseases of Swine, 7th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames p. 358–361.
    13. Jindal, N., Barua, S., Riyesh, T., Lather, A. and Narang, G. (2015). Molecular detection of swinepox virus in two piggery units in Haryana State. Haryana Vet. 54 (1), 72-74 
    14. Kasza, L. and Griesemer, R. A. (1962). Experimental swinepox. Am J Vet Res 23:443-450.
    15. Manickam, R. and Mohan, M. (1987). A note on outbreak of swinepox in large White Yorkshire piglets. Indian J Vet Med. 71-2.
    16. McNutt, S.H., Murray, C. and Purwin, P. (1929). Swine pox. JAVMA. 74:752.
    17. Medaglia, M. L. G., Pereira, A. De C., Freitas, T. R. P. and Damaso, C. R. (2011). Swinepox virus outbreak, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17(10): 1976–1978 
    18. Mittal, D., Mahajan, V., Pathak, D. and Filia, G. (2011). Differential diagnosis of swinepox during an outbreak. Indian. Vet. J. 88 (11): 9-11 .
    19. Nitsche, A., Stern, D., Ellerbrok H. and Pauli, G. (2006). Detection of infectious poxvirus particles. Emerg. Infec. Dis., 12(7):1139-41.
    20. Riyesh, T., Barua, S., Kumar, N., Jindal, N., Bera, B. C., Narang, G., Mahajan, N. K., Arora, D., Anand, T., Vaid, R. K., Yadav, M., Chandel, S. S., Malik, P., Tripathi B. N., Singh, R. K. (2016). Isolation and genetic characterization of swinepox virus from pigs in India. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.001 (online first article).
    21. Shope, R. E. (1940). Swinepox. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch., I, 457-467.
    22. Singh, J. L., Gupta, D.K., Kumar, M., Chandra, R., Shukla, S. K. and Kumar, S. (2005). Clinico-pathological observation and therapeutic management of swine pox in a piggery farm. Indian J. Vet Med. 25 (1): 68-70.
    23. Tamura, K; Peterson, D.; Peterson, N.; Stecher, G.; Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 28(10):2731-9.
    24. Thibault, S., Drolet, R. and Alain, R. (1998). Congenital swine pox: A sporadic skin disorder in nursing piglets. Swine Health Prod, 6(6):276–278. 
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