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Research Article

volume 52 issue 5 (may 2018) : 649-651,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3285

Chicken Mx gene polymorphisms in Indian native chicken breeds and White Leghorn by real time multiplex allele specific PCR
 

K
Kannaki T. Ramasamy
M
M.R. Reddy
K
K.S. Raja Ravindra
R
R.N. Chatterjee
1Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, India.
Cite article:- Ramasamy T. Kannaki, Reddy M.R., Ravindra Raja K.S., Chatterjee R.N. (2017). Chicken Mx gene polymorphisms in Indian native chicken breeds and White Leghorn by real time multiplex allele specific PCR. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(5): 649-651. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3285.

ABSTRACT

Chicken Mx protein confers resistance against viral infections including avian influenza virus. Mx protein is one of the strong antiviral proteins induced by interferon system. Different alleles of chicken Mx gene have been shown to vary in their antiviral activity against influenza virus. A non-synonymous mutation at position 2032 of chicken Mx gene responsible for variation of amino acid (Ser to Asn) in Mx protein is responsible for negative to positive antiviral activity of Mx protein. In the present study it was analyzed  that SNP at G2032A in chicken Mx gene in two Indian native chicken breeds, Aseel, Kadaknath and compared with White Leghorn layer. A total of 90 samples, including 50 of White Leghorn and 20 each from native chicken breed were screened for SNP at position 2032 of Mx gene by using real time multiplex allele specific PCR. The resistant allele (A) frequency is higher than susceptible allele in all three chicken breeds investigated. Among the breeds, the resistant allele frequency (A) is higher in White Leghorn (0.95) followed by Aseel (0.75) and Kadaknath (0.625). Homozygous to resistant allele (AA) is the major genotype in White Leghorn whereas heterozygous to both alleles is the major genotype in Kadaknath. Variations in the gene frequency might have emerged from varying degree of selection pressure the different breeds had undergone. In future, the resistant genotype could be selected in modern breeding programs to improve the genetic status for disease resistance against viral infections. 

REFERENCES

  1. Balkissoon, D., Staines, K., McCauley, J., Wood, J., Young, J., Kaufman, J., Butter, C., (2007). Low frequency of the Mx allele for viral resistance predates recent intensive selection in domestic chickens. Immunogenetics 59: 687-691. 
  2. Bernasconi, D., Schultz, U., Staeheli, P., (1995). The interferon-induced Mx protein of chickens lacks antiviral activity. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 15: 47-53.
  3. Ewald, S.J., Kapczynski, D.R., Livant, E.J., Suarez, D.L., Ralph, J., McLeod, S., Miller, C.,(2011) Association of Mx1 Asn631 variant alleles with reductions in morbidity, early mortality, viral shedding, and cytokine responses in chickens infected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Immunogenetics 63:363-375. 
  4. Fulton, J.E., Arango, ., Ali, R.A., Bohorquez, E.B., et al., (2014) Genetic variation within the Mx gene of commercially selected chicken lines reveals multiple haplotypes, recombination and a protein under selection pressure. PLoS One. 9(9):e108054.
  5. Ko, J.H., Jin, H.K., Asano, A., Takada, A., Ninomiya, A., Kida, H., et al., (2002). Polymorphisms and the di erential antiviral activity of the chicken gene. Genome Research 12, 595-601.
  6. Ko, J.H., Takada, A., Mitsuhashi, T., Agui, T., Watanabe, T., (2004). Native antiviral specificity of chicken Mx protein depends on amino acid variation at position 631. Animal Genetics 35:119-122.
  7. Li, X.Y., Qu, L.J., Yao, J.F., Yang, N., 2006. Skewed allele frequencies of an Mx gene mutation with potential resistance to avian influenza virus in different chicken populations. Poultry Science 85: 1327-1329.
  8. Lindermann, J., Lane, C. A., Hobson, D., 1963. The resistance of A2G mice to myxoviruses. J. Immunol. 90: 942-951.
  9. Seyama, T., Ko, J.H., Ohe, M., Sasaoka, N., Okada, A., et al., (2006). Population research of genetic polymorphism at amino acid position 631 in chicken Mx protein with differential antiviral activity. Biochemical Genetics 44: 437-448. 
  10. Suba, S., Saxena, V. K., Nagarajan, S., Vanamayya, P. R., Gowthaman, V., Jain, R., Singh, D.P., Dubey, S.C., (2009). An experimental investigation on resistance/ susceptibility to H5N1 virus in indigenous and high yielding chickens of India. Proceedings of 7th International symposium on avian influenza, Georgia, USA. 5-8, April.
  11. Wang, Y., Brahmakshatriya, V., Lupiani, B., Reddy, S., Okimoto, R., Li, X., Chiang, H., Zhou, H., (2012). Associations of chicken Mx1 polymorphism with antiviral responses in avian influenza virus infected embryos and broilers. Poult Sci. 91(12):3019-24. 
  12. Watanabe T., (2007). Polymorphisms of the chicken antiviral Mx gene. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 117: 370-375.
  13. Ye, X., Tan, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, K., (2010). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Chicken Mx gene at Position 2032 by Real-time Allele-specific PCR Melting-curve Analysis. The Journal of Poultry science 47:133-138.
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 5 (may 2018) : 649-651,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3285

    Chicken Mx gene polymorphisms in Indian native chicken breeds and White Leghorn by real time multiplex allele specific PCR
     

    K
    Kannaki T. Ramasamy
    M
    M.R. Reddy
    K
    K.S. Raja Ravindra
    R
    R.N. Chatterjee
    1Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, India.
    Cite article:- Ramasamy T. Kannaki, Reddy M.R., Ravindra Raja K.S., Chatterjee R.N. (2017). Chicken Mx gene polymorphisms in Indian native chicken breeds and White Leghorn by real time multiplex allele specific PCR. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(5): 649-651. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3285.

    ABSTRACT

    Chicken Mx protein confers resistance against viral infections including avian influenza virus. Mx protein is one of the strong antiviral proteins induced by interferon system. Different alleles of chicken Mx gene have been shown to vary in their antiviral activity against influenza virus. A non-synonymous mutation at position 2032 of chicken Mx gene responsible for variation of amino acid (Ser to Asn) in Mx protein is responsible for negative to positive antiviral activity of Mx protein. In the present study it was analyzed  that SNP at G2032A in chicken Mx gene in two Indian native chicken breeds, Aseel, Kadaknath and compared with White Leghorn layer. A total of 90 samples, including 50 of White Leghorn and 20 each from native chicken breed were screened for SNP at position 2032 of Mx gene by using real time multiplex allele specific PCR. The resistant allele (A) frequency is higher than susceptible allele in all three chicken breeds investigated. Among the breeds, the resistant allele frequency (A) is higher in White Leghorn (0.95) followed by Aseel (0.75) and Kadaknath (0.625). Homozygous to resistant allele (AA) is the major genotype in White Leghorn whereas heterozygous to both alleles is the major genotype in Kadaknath. Variations in the gene frequency might have emerged from varying degree of selection pressure the different breeds had undergone. In future, the resistant genotype could be selected in modern breeding programs to improve the genetic status for disease resistance against viral infections. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Balkissoon, D., Staines, K., McCauley, J., Wood, J., Young, J., Kaufman, J., Butter, C., (2007). Low frequency of the Mx allele for viral resistance predates recent intensive selection in domestic chickens. Immunogenetics 59: 687-691. 
    2. Bernasconi, D., Schultz, U., Staeheli, P., (1995). The interferon-induced Mx protein of chickens lacks antiviral activity. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 15: 47-53.
    3. Ewald, S.J., Kapczynski, D.R., Livant, E.J., Suarez, D.L., Ralph, J., McLeod, S., Miller, C.,(2011) Association of Mx1 Asn631 variant alleles with reductions in morbidity, early mortality, viral shedding, and cytokine responses in chickens infected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Immunogenetics 63:363-375. 
    4. Fulton, J.E., Arango, ., Ali, R.A., Bohorquez, E.B., et al., (2014) Genetic variation within the Mx gene of commercially selected chicken lines reveals multiple haplotypes, recombination and a protein under selection pressure. PLoS One. 9(9):e108054.
    5. Ko, J.H., Jin, H.K., Asano, A., Takada, A., Ninomiya, A., Kida, H., et al., (2002). Polymorphisms and the di erential antiviral activity of the chicken gene. Genome Research 12, 595-601.
    6. Ko, J.H., Takada, A., Mitsuhashi, T., Agui, T., Watanabe, T., (2004). Native antiviral specificity of chicken Mx protein depends on amino acid variation at position 631. Animal Genetics 35:119-122.
    7. Li, X.Y., Qu, L.J., Yao, J.F., Yang, N., 2006. Skewed allele frequencies of an Mx gene mutation with potential resistance to avian influenza virus in different chicken populations. Poultry Science 85: 1327-1329.
    8. Lindermann, J., Lane, C. A., Hobson, D., 1963. The resistance of A2G mice to myxoviruses. J. Immunol. 90: 942-951.
    9. Seyama, T., Ko, J.H., Ohe, M., Sasaoka, N., Okada, A., et al., (2006). Population research of genetic polymorphism at amino acid position 631 in chicken Mx protein with differential antiviral activity. Biochemical Genetics 44: 437-448. 
    10. Suba, S., Saxena, V. K., Nagarajan, S., Vanamayya, P. R., Gowthaman, V., Jain, R., Singh, D.P., Dubey, S.C., (2009). An experimental investigation on resistance/ susceptibility to H5N1 virus in indigenous and high yielding chickens of India. Proceedings of 7th International symposium on avian influenza, Georgia, USA. 5-8, April.
    11. Wang, Y., Brahmakshatriya, V., Lupiani, B., Reddy, S., Okimoto, R., Li, X., Chiang, H., Zhou, H., (2012). Associations of chicken Mx1 polymorphism with antiviral responses in avian influenza virus infected embryos and broilers. Poult Sci. 91(12):3019-24. 
    12. Watanabe T., (2007). Polymorphisms of the chicken antiviral Mx gene. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 117: 370-375.
    13. Ye, X., Tan, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, K., (2010). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Chicken Mx gene at Position 2032 by Real-time Allele-specific PCR Melting-curve Analysis. The Journal of Poultry science 47:133-138.
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