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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 3 (march 2018) : 331-336,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3119

Assessment of genetic diversity in goat genetic groups of Kerala, (India) using morphobiometric markers

G
G. Radhika
K
K.C. Raghavan
K
K.A. Mercey
C
C. Sunanda
P
P.M. Rojan
1Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode- 673576, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
Cite article:- Radhika G., Raghavan K.C., Mercey K.A., Sunanda C., Rojan P.M. (2018). Assessment of genetic diversity in goat genetic groups of Kerala, (India) using morphobiometric markers. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(3): 331-336. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3119.

ABSTRACT

Geographical isolation and human interventions resulted in formation of subpopulations among native breeds, which showed differences in morphological or biometric traits. Crossbreeding of indigenous goats with exotic breeds resulted in combining desirable characteristics of many breeds in a composite population. Malabari crossbreds (CB), which had the inheritance of Malabari, Saanen, Alpine and Boer goat breeds were available at University Goat Farm, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. The native goats of Kerala namely, Attappady Black (AB) and populations of Malabari goats from Kannur, Calicut, Thrissur and Malappuram districts (MK, MC, MT and MM) were analysed along with Malabari crossbreds (CB) for genetic diversity. Morphological data were collected from 1776 animals and biometric data from 572 animals representing six goat populations. Qualitative morphological traits analysed were coat colour, presence or absence of horns, tassels, beard, pattern of ear and hair at forequarters and hindquarters. Quantitative biometric traits assessed were chest girth, height at withers, body length and body weight collected from female animals of one to three years of age. Least squares means calculated from SPSS, canonical discriminant analysis by CANDISC, Mahalanobis distance and dendrogram constructed by PROC CLUSTER were used to analyse biometric variables. Canonical discriminant analysis conducted for biometric data identified three statistically significant canonical variables (P<0.0001), with CAN1 explaining 57.2 per cent of total variance. Multivariate analytical techniques thus confirmed the existence of six different populations. The discriminatory capacity of biometric variables chosen for the study was also justified.  

REFERENCES

  1. Arandas, J. K. G., Da Silva, N. M. V., Nascimento, R. B., Filho, E. C. P., Brasil L. H.A. and. Ribeiro. M.N (2016). Multivariate analysis as a tool for phenotypic characterization of an endangered breed. Journal of Applied Animal Research . DOI 10.1080/    09712119.2015.1125353
  2. Brown, J. E., Brown, C. J. and Butts, W. T. (1973). Evaluating relationships among immature measures of size, shape and performance of beef bulls: principal components as measures of size and shape in young Hereford and Angus bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 6: 1011-1021.
  3. Dixit, S.P., Verma, N. K., Aggarwal, R. A. K., Vyas, M. K., Rana, J., Sharma, , Tyagi, P., Arya, P. and Ulmek, B. R. (2010). Genetic diversity and relationship among Southern Indian goat breeds based on microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Res. 91: 153-159.
  4. Gizaw, S., Van Arendonk, J.A.M., Komen, H., Windig, J.J. and Hanotte O. (2007). Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Etiopia. Anim. Gen. 38: 621-628.
  5. Herrera, M., Rodero, E., Guiterrez, M. J., Pena, F. and Rodero J. M. (1996). Application of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the morphostructural differentiation of Andalusiancaprine breeds. Small Ruminant Res. 22: 39-47.
  6. Jimcy, J. (2007). Genetic and phenotypic variations of geographically different goat populations in Kerala. M.V.Sc. thesis. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 108p.
  7. Jimcy, J., Raghavan, K. C. and Sujatha. K. S. (2011). Diversity of local goats in Kerala, India, based on morpho-biometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development 23 (5). http:// www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/5/jimc23119.htm
  8. Jordana, J., Pares, P. M. and Sanchez. A. (1995). Analysis of genetic relationships in horse breeds. J. Equine Vet. Sci.15: 320-328.
  9. Jordana, J., Ribo, O. and Pelegrin. M. (1993). Analysis of genetic relationships from morphological characters in Spanish goat breeds. Small Ruminant Res. 12: 301-314.
  10. Kaura, R.L. (1952). Indian Breeds of Livestock. Prem Publishers, Lucknow. 165p.
  11. Macciotta, N.P.P., Cappio-Borlino, A., Steri, R., Pulina, G. and Brandano. P. (2002). Somatic variability of Sarda goat breed analysed by multivariate methods. Livestock Prod. Sci. 75: 51-58.
  12. Mathew, S., Raja, T. V. and Sosamma. I. (2005). Survey and characterization of Attappady Black goats of Kerala, India. Animal Genetics Resources Information 37: 43-52.
  13. Mukherjee, D.K., Singh, C. S. P. and Mishra. H. R. (1979). A note on some phenotypic parameters in grey and brown Bengal goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 19: 671-675.
  14. Odubote, I.K. (1994). Characterization of the West African dwarf goats for certain qualitative traits. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 21: 37-41.
  15. Ozoje, M.O. (2002). Incidence and relative effects of qualitative traits in West African dwarf goat. Small Ruminant Res.43: 97-100.
  16. Pires, L. C., Machado, T. M. M., Araujo, A. M., Olson, T. A., Lopes de Silva, J. B., Torres R. A. and Costa. M. S. (2012). Biometric variability of goat populations revealed by means of principal component analysis. Genet. Mol. Biol. 35(4) : 777–782.
  17. Radhika, G., Ajithkumar, S. and Raghavan. K. C. (2012). A Farm study on weakness in goat kids. In: Proceedings of Kerala Veterinary Science Congress, November 10-11, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
  18. Raghavan, K.C., Rajaand T. V. and Sasikanth. V. (2004). Malabari goats. In: Proceedings of seminar on goat genome. Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, pp. 101-104.
  19. Rey, B., C. Peacockand A. Nigatu-Almeyehu. (1995). Goat types of Northern and Western Ethiopia and Eriterea. In: Third National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. 156 p.
  20. SAS Institute (1994). SAS User’s Guide in Statistics. 5th Ed. SAS Institute Inc. Cary NC, USA, 1611p.
  21. Shrestha, J.N.B. (2005). Conserving domestic animal diversity among composite populations. Small Ruminant Res. 56: 3-20.
  22. Shrestha, J.N.B. and Fahmy. M. H. (2007). Breeding goats for meat production 2. Crossbreeding and formation of composite population. Small Ruminant Res. 67: 93-112.
  23. Statistical Product and Service Solutions. (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  24. Traore, A., Tamboura, H. H., Kabore, A., Royo, L. J., Fernandez, I., Alvarez, I., Sangare, M. Bouchel, D., Poivey, J. P., Francois, D., Toguyeni, A., Sawadagoand L. and Goyache. F. (2008). Multivariate characterization of morphological traits in Burkino Faso Sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 80: 60-67.
  25. Verma, N. K., Dixit, S. P., Dangi, P. S., Aggarwal, R. A. K., Kumarand S. and Joshi. B. K. (2009). Malabari goats: characterization, management, performance and genetic variability. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 79: 813-818.
  26. Yadav, A. and Yadav. B. R. (2008). DNA fingerprint: Genetic relationship in six Indian goat breeds. Indian J. Biotechnol. 7: 487-490.
  27. Zaitoun, I.S., Tabaaand M. J. and Bdour. S. (2005). Differentiation of native goat breeds of Jordan on the basis of morphostructural characteristics. Small Ruminant Res. 56: 173-182. 
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 3 (march 2018) : 331-336,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3119

    Assessment of genetic diversity in goat genetic groups of Kerala, (India) using morphobiometric markers

    G
    G. Radhika
    K
    K.C. Raghavan
    K
    K.A. Mercey
    C
    C. Sunanda
    P
    P.M. Rojan
    1Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode- 673576, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
    Cite article:- Radhika G., Raghavan K.C., Mercey K.A., Sunanda C., Rojan P.M. (2018). Assessment of genetic diversity in goat genetic groups of Kerala, (India) using morphobiometric markers. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(3): 331-336. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3119.

    ABSTRACT

    Geographical isolation and human interventions resulted in formation of subpopulations among native breeds, which showed differences in morphological or biometric traits. Crossbreeding of indigenous goats with exotic breeds resulted in combining desirable characteristics of many breeds in a composite population. Malabari crossbreds (CB), which had the inheritance of Malabari, Saanen, Alpine and Boer goat breeds were available at University Goat Farm, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. The native goats of Kerala namely, Attappady Black (AB) and populations of Malabari goats from Kannur, Calicut, Thrissur and Malappuram districts (MK, MC, MT and MM) were analysed along with Malabari crossbreds (CB) for genetic diversity. Morphological data were collected from 1776 animals and biometric data from 572 animals representing six goat populations. Qualitative morphological traits analysed were coat colour, presence or absence of horns, tassels, beard, pattern of ear and hair at forequarters and hindquarters. Quantitative biometric traits assessed were chest girth, height at withers, body length and body weight collected from female animals of one to three years of age. Least squares means calculated from SPSS, canonical discriminant analysis by CANDISC, Mahalanobis distance and dendrogram constructed by PROC CLUSTER were used to analyse biometric variables. Canonical discriminant analysis conducted for biometric data identified three statistically significant canonical variables (P<0.0001), with CAN1 explaining 57.2 per cent of total variance. Multivariate analytical techniques thus confirmed the existence of six different populations. The discriminatory capacity of biometric variables chosen for the study was also justified.  

    REFERENCES

    1. Arandas, J. K. G., Da Silva, N. M. V., Nascimento, R. B., Filho, E. C. P., Brasil L. H.A. and. Ribeiro. M.N (2016). Multivariate analysis as a tool for phenotypic characterization of an endangered breed. Journal of Applied Animal Research . DOI 10.1080/    09712119.2015.1125353
    2. Brown, J. E., Brown, C. J. and Butts, W. T. (1973). Evaluating relationships among immature measures of size, shape and performance of beef bulls: principal components as measures of size and shape in young Hereford and Angus bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 6: 1011-1021.
    3. Dixit, S.P., Verma, N. K., Aggarwal, R. A. K., Vyas, M. K., Rana, J., Sharma, , Tyagi, P., Arya, P. and Ulmek, B. R. (2010). Genetic diversity and relationship among Southern Indian goat breeds based on microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Res. 91: 153-159.
    4. Gizaw, S., Van Arendonk, J.A.M., Komen, H., Windig, J.J. and Hanotte O. (2007). Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Etiopia. Anim. Gen. 38: 621-628.
    5. Herrera, M., Rodero, E., Guiterrez, M. J., Pena, F. and Rodero J. M. (1996). Application of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the morphostructural differentiation of Andalusiancaprine breeds. Small Ruminant Res. 22: 39-47.
    6. Jimcy, J. (2007). Genetic and phenotypic variations of geographically different goat populations in Kerala. M.V.Sc. thesis. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 108p.
    7. Jimcy, J., Raghavan, K. C. and Sujatha. K. S. (2011). Diversity of local goats in Kerala, India, based on morpho-biometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development 23 (5). http:// www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/5/jimc23119.htm
    8. Jordana, J., Pares, P. M. and Sanchez. A. (1995). Analysis of genetic relationships in horse breeds. J. Equine Vet. Sci.15: 320-328.
    9. Jordana, J., Ribo, O. and Pelegrin. M. (1993). Analysis of genetic relationships from morphological characters in Spanish goat breeds. Small Ruminant Res. 12: 301-314.
    10. Kaura, R.L. (1952). Indian Breeds of Livestock. Prem Publishers, Lucknow. 165p.
    11. Macciotta, N.P.P., Cappio-Borlino, A., Steri, R., Pulina, G. and Brandano. P. (2002). Somatic variability of Sarda goat breed analysed by multivariate methods. Livestock Prod. Sci. 75: 51-58.
    12. Mathew, S., Raja, T. V. and Sosamma. I. (2005). Survey and characterization of Attappady Black goats of Kerala, India. Animal Genetics Resources Information 37: 43-52.
    13. Mukherjee, D.K., Singh, C. S. P. and Mishra. H. R. (1979). A note on some phenotypic parameters in grey and brown Bengal goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 19: 671-675.
    14. Odubote, I.K. (1994). Characterization of the West African dwarf goats for certain qualitative traits. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 21: 37-41.
    15. Ozoje, M.O. (2002). Incidence and relative effects of qualitative traits in West African dwarf goat. Small Ruminant Res.43: 97-100.
    16. Pires, L. C., Machado, T. M. M., Araujo, A. M., Olson, T. A., Lopes de Silva, J. B., Torres R. A. and Costa. M. S. (2012). Biometric variability of goat populations revealed by means of principal component analysis. Genet. Mol. Biol. 35(4) : 777–782.
    17. Radhika, G., Ajithkumar, S. and Raghavan. K. C. (2012). A Farm study on weakness in goat kids. In: Proceedings of Kerala Veterinary Science Congress, November 10-11, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
    18. Raghavan, K.C., Rajaand T. V. and Sasikanth. V. (2004). Malabari goats. In: Proceedings of seminar on goat genome. Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, pp. 101-104.
    19. Rey, B., C. Peacockand A. Nigatu-Almeyehu. (1995). Goat types of Northern and Western Ethiopia and Eriterea. In: Third National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. 156 p.
    20. SAS Institute (1994). SAS User’s Guide in Statistics. 5th Ed. SAS Institute Inc. Cary NC, USA, 1611p.
    21. Shrestha, J.N.B. (2005). Conserving domestic animal diversity among composite populations. Small Ruminant Res. 56: 3-20.
    22. Shrestha, J.N.B. and Fahmy. M. H. (2007). Breeding goats for meat production 2. Crossbreeding and formation of composite population. Small Ruminant Res. 67: 93-112.
    23. Statistical Product and Service Solutions. (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
    24. Traore, A., Tamboura, H. H., Kabore, A., Royo, L. J., Fernandez, I., Alvarez, I., Sangare, M. Bouchel, D., Poivey, J. P., Francois, D., Toguyeni, A., Sawadagoand L. and Goyache. F. (2008). Multivariate characterization of morphological traits in Burkino Faso Sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 80: 60-67.
    25. Verma, N. K., Dixit, S. P., Dangi, P. S., Aggarwal, R. A. K., Kumarand S. and Joshi. B. K. (2009). Malabari goats: characterization, management, performance and genetic variability. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 79: 813-818.
    26. Yadav, A. and Yadav. B. R. (2008). DNA fingerprint: Genetic relationship in six Indian goat breeds. Indian J. Biotechnol. 7: 487-490.
    27. Zaitoun, I.S., Tabaaand M. J. and Bdour. S. (2005). Differentiation of native goat breeds of Jordan on the basis of morphostructural characteristics. Small Ruminant Res. 56: 173-182. 
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