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volume 48 issue 1 (february 2014) : 31-37,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.007

DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LATENT INFECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN A CATTLE HERD

M
M.S. Bal
A
Amrita Sharma
A
Ashuma
B
Balwinder Kaur Batth
P
P. Kaur
L
L.D. Singla*
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, India
Cite article:- Bal M.S., Sharma Amrita, Ashuma, Batth Kaur Balwinder, Kaur P., Singla* L.D. (2025). DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LATENT INFECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN A CATTLE HERD. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 31-37. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.007.

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of PCR based method for detection of T. evansi and to know its efficacy of corresponding trypanocidal treatment. A total of 101 random blood samples collected from the dairy farm were examined for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi infection. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using 21/22 mer primers, targeting repetitive sequence probe pMuTec 6.248 to yield 227 bp products was employed. The PCR detected 46.5% animals positive for T. evansi infection in comparison to only 6.9% detected by microscopy using Giemsa stained blood smears. Treatment of infected animals with Triquin (quinapyramine sulphate and chloride)  showed improvement in general body condition within a period of two weeks. Results of PCR were also negative for T. evansi in all the post treatment blood samples. Subsequently all the 1400 animals at farm were treated with Triquin. After a period of one month, significant increase in levels of RBC, Hb and HCT and return of the values of BUN and TBIL of treated animals towards normal endorsed the effectiveness of the treatment.

REFERENCES

  1. Bhatia, B.B., Pathak K.M.L. and Banerjee D.P. (2006). Text Book of Veterinary Parasitology. Second edition. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana – New Delhi: 304-315p.
  2. Claes, F., Radwanska M., Urakawa T., Majiwa PA., Goddeeris B. and Buscher P. (2004). Variable Surface Glycoprotein RoTat 1.2 PCR as a specific diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infections. Kinetoplastid. Biol. Dis., 3:1"6.
  3. Desquesnes M., Holzmuller P., Lai D., Dargantes A., Lun Z. and Jittaplapong S. (2013). Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 194176, 22 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/194176.
  4. Fernandez, D., Baradat B.G., Eleizalde M., Marcano E.G., Perrone T. and Mendoza M. (2009). Trypanosoma evansi: A comparison of PCR and parasitological diagnostic tests in experimentally infected mice. Exp. Parasitol., 121: 1-7.
  5. Hilali M., Abdel-Gawad A., Nassar A. and Abdel-Wahab A. (2006). Hematological and biochemical changes in water buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet. Parasitol., 139 : 237–243.
  6. Holland, W.G., Claes F., My L.N., Thanh N.G., Tam P.T., Verloo D., Buscher P., Goddeeris B. and Vercruysse J.A. (2001). Comparative evaluation of parasitological tests and a PCR for Trypanosoma evansi diagnosis in experimentally infected water buffaloes. Vet. Parasitol., 97: 23–33.
  7. Juyal, P.D., Singla L.D. and Kaur P. (2005). Management of Surra due to Trypanosoma evansi in India: an overview. In: V. Tandon and B.N. Dhawan (ed) Infectious diseases of domestic animals and zoonosis in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of India 75(B)-special issue: 109-120p.
  8. Kahn, C.M., Line S. and Aiello S.E. (ed) (2005b). Reference guide Table 6 in Merck manual 9th Edition Edition Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehousestation, N.J., U.S.A.: 2584-2585p.
  9. Kahn, C. M., Line, S. and Aiello, S. E. (2005a). Reference guide Table 7 in Merck manual 9th Edition Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehousestation, N.J., U.S.A.: 2586-2587p.
  10. Kaur, P., and Juyal P.D. (2003). Haematobiochemical changes in experimental surra in cow calves treated with diminazene aceturate alongwith antipyrine and procaine. Indian Vet. J., 8: 975-978.
  11. Kelly, W.R. (1979). Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd edition, Bailliere Tindall, London: 261-300p.
  12. Kumar H., Gupta M.P., Sidhu P.K., Mahajan V., Bal M.S., Kaur K., Ashuma, Verma S. and Singla L.D. (2012) Outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cross bred cattle in Punjab, India. J. Applied Anim Res., 40: 256-259
  13. Luckins, A.G. (1992). Protozoal diseases of camels. In Allen, W. R., Higgins, A.J., Mayhew, I.G., Snow, D.H. and Wade J.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the Ist International conference. R. and W. Publication New Market Limited, Suffolk, U.K.: 23-27p.
  14. Mugittu, K.N., Silayo R.S., Majiwa P.A.O., Kimbita E.K., Mutayoba B.M. and Maselle R. (2001). Application of PCR and DNA probes in the characterization of trypanosomes in the blood of cattle in farms in Morogro, Tanzania. Vet. Parasitol., 94: 177-189.
  15. Omanwar, S., Rao J.R., Basagoudanavar S.H., Singh R.K. and Butchaiah G. (1999). Direct and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 47: 351-359.
  16. Ravindran R., Rao J.R., Mishra A.K., Pathak K.M.L., Babu N., Satheesh C. and Rahul S. (2008). Trypanosoma evansi in camels, donkeys and dogs in India: comparison of PCR and light microscopy for detection- short communication. Veterinarski Arhiv., 78: 89-94.
  17. Sharma A., Singla L.D., Tuli A. Kaur P., Batth B.K. Javed M. and Juyal P.D. (2013). Molecular prevalence of Babesia bigemina and Trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from Punjab, India, by Duplex PCR: A step forward to the detection and management of concurrent latent infections. BioMed Research International, vol. 2013: Article ID 893862, 8 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/893862.
  18. Shyma, K.P. (2009). Comparison of monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test with PCR for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals’. M.V.Sc. thesis, CCSHAU, Hisar.
  19. Singla, L.D., Juyal P.D. and Ahuja S.P. (2000). Serum protein changes of cross-bred calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and immuno-modulated with levamisole. Indian Vet. J., 77: 172-174.
  20. Singla, L.D., Juyal P.D. and Kalra I.S. (1996). Effects of levamisole on the clinical response of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cow-calves. Indian Vet. J., 73: 11-15.
  21. Wuyts, N., Chokesajjawatee N., Sarataphan N. and Panyim S. (1995). PCR amplification of crude blood on microscopic slides in diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dairy cattle. Annales de la Societe Belge de Medecine Tropicale, 75: 229-37.
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    volume 48 issue 1 (february 2014) : 31-37,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.007

    DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LATENT INFECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN A CATTLE HERD

    M
    M.S. Bal
    A
    Amrita Sharma
    A
    Ashuma
    B
    Balwinder Kaur Batth
    P
    P. Kaur
    L
    L.D. Singla*
    1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, India
    Cite article:- Bal M.S., Sharma Amrita, Ashuma, Batth Kaur Balwinder, Kaur P., Singla* L.D. (2025). DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LATENT INFECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN A CATTLE HERD. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 31-37. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.007.

    ABSTRACT

    A study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of PCR based method for detection of T. evansi and to know its efficacy of corresponding trypanocidal treatment. A total of 101 random blood samples collected from the dairy farm were examined for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi infection. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using 21/22 mer primers, targeting repetitive sequence probe pMuTec 6.248 to yield 227 bp products was employed. The PCR detected 46.5% animals positive for T. evansi infection in comparison to only 6.9% detected by microscopy using Giemsa stained blood smears. Treatment of infected animals with Triquin (quinapyramine sulphate and chloride)  showed improvement in general body condition within a period of two weeks. Results of PCR were also negative for T. evansi in all the post treatment blood samples. Subsequently all the 1400 animals at farm were treated with Triquin. After a period of one month, significant increase in levels of RBC, Hb and HCT and return of the values of BUN and TBIL of treated animals towards normal endorsed the effectiveness of the treatment.

    REFERENCES

    1. Bhatia, B.B., Pathak K.M.L. and Banerjee D.P. (2006). Text Book of Veterinary Parasitology. Second edition. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana – New Delhi: 304-315p.
    2. Claes, F., Radwanska M., Urakawa T., Majiwa PA., Goddeeris B. and Buscher P. (2004). Variable Surface Glycoprotein RoTat 1.2 PCR as a specific diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infections. Kinetoplastid. Biol. Dis., 3:1"6.
    3. Desquesnes M., Holzmuller P., Lai D., Dargantes A., Lun Z. and Jittaplapong S. (2013). Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 194176, 22 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/194176.
    4. Fernandez, D., Baradat B.G., Eleizalde M., Marcano E.G., Perrone T. and Mendoza M. (2009). Trypanosoma evansi: A comparison of PCR and parasitological diagnostic tests in experimentally infected mice. Exp. Parasitol., 121: 1-7.
    5. Hilali M., Abdel-Gawad A., Nassar A. and Abdel-Wahab A. (2006). Hematological and biochemical changes in water buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet. Parasitol., 139 : 237–243.
    6. Holland, W.G., Claes F., My L.N., Thanh N.G., Tam P.T., Verloo D., Buscher P., Goddeeris B. and Vercruysse J.A. (2001). Comparative evaluation of parasitological tests and a PCR for Trypanosoma evansi diagnosis in experimentally infected water buffaloes. Vet. Parasitol., 97: 23–33.
    7. Juyal, P.D., Singla L.D. and Kaur P. (2005). Management of Surra due to Trypanosoma evansi in India: an overview. In: V. Tandon and B.N. Dhawan (ed) Infectious diseases of domestic animals and zoonosis in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of India 75(B)-special issue: 109-120p.
    8. Kahn, C.M., Line S. and Aiello S.E. (ed) (2005b). Reference guide Table 6 in Merck manual 9th Edition Edition Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehousestation, N.J., U.S.A.: 2584-2585p.
    9. Kahn, C. M., Line, S. and Aiello, S. E. (2005a). Reference guide Table 7 in Merck manual 9th Edition Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehousestation, N.J., U.S.A.: 2586-2587p.
    10. Kaur, P., and Juyal P.D. (2003). Haematobiochemical changes in experimental surra in cow calves treated with diminazene aceturate alongwith antipyrine and procaine. Indian Vet. J., 8: 975-978.
    11. Kelly, W.R. (1979). Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd edition, Bailliere Tindall, London: 261-300p.
    12. Kumar H., Gupta M.P., Sidhu P.K., Mahajan V., Bal M.S., Kaur K., Ashuma, Verma S. and Singla L.D. (2012) Outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cross bred cattle in Punjab, India. J. Applied Anim Res., 40: 256-259
    13. Luckins, A.G. (1992). Protozoal diseases of camels. In Allen, W. R., Higgins, A.J., Mayhew, I.G., Snow, D.H. and Wade J.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the Ist International conference. R. and W. Publication New Market Limited, Suffolk, U.K.: 23-27p.
    14. Mugittu, K.N., Silayo R.S., Majiwa P.A.O., Kimbita E.K., Mutayoba B.M. and Maselle R. (2001). Application of PCR and DNA probes in the characterization of trypanosomes in the blood of cattle in farms in Morogro, Tanzania. Vet. Parasitol., 94: 177-189.
    15. Omanwar, S., Rao J.R., Basagoudanavar S.H., Singh R.K. and Butchaiah G. (1999). Direct and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 47: 351-359.
    16. Ravindran R., Rao J.R., Mishra A.K., Pathak K.M.L., Babu N., Satheesh C. and Rahul S. (2008). Trypanosoma evansi in camels, donkeys and dogs in India: comparison of PCR and light microscopy for detection- short communication. Veterinarski Arhiv., 78: 89-94.
    17. Sharma A., Singla L.D., Tuli A. Kaur P., Batth B.K. Javed M. and Juyal P.D. (2013). Molecular prevalence of Babesia bigemina and Trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from Punjab, India, by Duplex PCR: A step forward to the detection and management of concurrent latent infections. BioMed Research International, vol. 2013: Article ID 893862, 8 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/893862.
    18. Shyma, K.P. (2009). Comparison of monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test with PCR for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals’. M.V.Sc. thesis, CCSHAU, Hisar.
    19. Singla, L.D., Juyal P.D. and Ahuja S.P. (2000). Serum protein changes of cross-bred calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and immuno-modulated with levamisole. Indian Vet. J., 77: 172-174.
    20. Singla, L.D., Juyal P.D. and Kalra I.S. (1996). Effects of levamisole on the clinical response of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cow-calves. Indian Vet. J., 73: 11-15.
    21. Wuyts, N., Chokesajjawatee N., Sarataphan N. and Panyim S. (1995). PCR amplification of crude blood on microscopic slides in diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dairy cattle. Annales de la Societe Belge de Medecine Tropicale, 75: 229-37.
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