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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 48 issue 4 (august 2014) : 322-328,   Doi: 10.5958/0976–0555.2014.00450.6

CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF HILL CATTLE OF GARHWAL REGION OF UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

R
R.K. Pundir*
P
P.K. Singh
N
Neelkant1
D
D. Sharma
S
Sunil Kumar2
R
R. Tiwari3
C
C.V. Singh4
B
B. Prakash
1National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132 001, India
Cite article:- Pundir* R.K., Singh P.K., Neelkant1, Sharma D., Kumar2 Sunil, Tiwari3 R., Singh4 C.V., Prakash B. (2025). CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF HILL CATTLE OF GARHWAL REGION OF UTTARAKHAND, INDIA. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(4): 322-328. doi: 10.5958/0976–0555.2014.00450.6.

ABSTRACT

A survey was conducted in 18 villages of Rudarpryag, Chamoli and Uttarkashi districts of Garhwal region to characterize hill cattle in the region. A total of 146 farmers and 451 animals of different age and sex were covered in the present study. The survey revealed that there is large number of hill cattle in the region. Animals of were reared on semi intensive system of management. Grazing was from afternoon to evening during the whole year. Animals were smaller in size with cylindrical type of body. The black body colour predominates in the region. Udder was small, touching to the body, not well developed and milk veins were not prominent. Sizes of fore and rear udder were small.  The ranges of different biometric traits showed that animals are similar to Vechur and Panganaur for their size and smaller than the Hariana and Sahiwal breeds of cattle. The average age at first calving, daily milk yield, lactation length, dry period, service period and calving interval were 42 months, 1.52 kg, 285 days, 120 days, 110 days and 364 days, respectively. A pair of bullock may plough about 4-6 Nali of land in 3 to 4 hours in a day. A total of 51 blood samples of unrelated hill cattle animals were collected from Garhwal region for genetic characterization. DNA was isolated and analyzed by a panel of 21 microsatellite markers.The average observed and expected number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygocity and heterozygote deficit were 12.91 (6-12), 5.66 (2.41 to 11.39), 0.699 (0.271 to 0.938), 0.782 (0.585 to 0.912) and 0.118 ( -0.198 to 0.537), respectively. The different genetic diversity parameters showed that population is comparable with the hill cattle of Kumanu region and Hariana cattle. Different parameters showed sufficient allelic diversity in the population

REFERENCES

  1. Anonymous. (2006) Animal husbandry statistics, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, MoA, GOI, New Delhi.
  2. Ashok C. (2000) Characterisation of Malnad Gidda cattle of Karnataka. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
  3. Dalvit C De Marchi M, Dal Zotto, Zanetti E, Meuwissen T and Cassandro M. (2008). Genetic characterization of Burlina cattle breed using microsatellite markers. J. Ani Breeding Genet 125: 137–44.
  4. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). (1998). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, repost. http: //dad.fao.org/en/refer/library/ guideline/workgrp.pdf
  5. Harvey W. R. (1990). User’s guide for LSML-PC-VERSION-2, mixed model least square maximum likelihood program, Mine graph, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
  6. Iype, S. 1996. The Vechur cattle of Kerala. Animal Genetic Resources Information (FAO) 18 : 61-65.
  7. Livestock Census (2007). http”//www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/welcome-to-the-18th-livestock-census- 2007-report module.aspx.
  8. Mukesh M, Sodhi M, Bhatia S and Mishra B P. (2004). Genetic diversity of Indian native cattle breeds as analyzed with 20 microsatellite loci. Anim Breed and Genet 121: 416–24.
  9. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Kenkatha cattle by microsatellite markers. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Science 19: 1685–90.
  10. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers. Genet 85: 117–22.
  11. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh L V, Maitra A, Mishra B P and Kumar D. (2011). Estimation of genetic variability parameters in Kumaun hill cattle (Kumauni cattle) by STR markers. Indian Anim Sci 81: 194–95.
  12. Peakall R and Smouse P E. (2008). A heterogeneity test for fine scale genetic structure. Molecular Ecol Notes 17: 3389–3400.
  13. Pundir R K and Ahlawat S P S. (2007). Indigenous Breeds of Cattle and Buffalo, Dairy India, Yearbook, 6th edition pp 261-271.
  14. Pundir R K, Singh P K, Singh C V and Prakash B. (2010). Physical parameters and management of hill cattle of Almora district of Uttarakhand. Indian Anim Sci 80: 1145-47
  15. Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Cold Spring Harbour, NY.
  16. Schmid M, Saipveaova N, Gaillard, C and Dolf G. (1999). Genetic diversity in Swiss cattle breeds. Anim Breed Genet 116: 1–8.
  17. Singh, P R,Singh M, Verma M L and Jaiswal R S. (2004). Animal husbandry practices in Tarikhet block of Kumaon hill of Uttaranchal. Indian Anim Sci 74:997-999
  18. Singh P K, Pundir R K, Manjunath V K, Rudresh B H and Govindaiah M G. (2008). Features and status of miniature indigenous germplasm of cattle - Malnad Gidda. Indian Anim Sci 78 :1123-1126
  19. Sharma R, Pandey A K, Singh S C P, Singh Y, Mishra B P, Singh S R, Mandal G K, Singh P K, Singh G and Ahlawat S P S. (2007). Diversity assessment of Bachaur cattle from India: A draft breed still revelant in mechanized Era. Korean Genet 29: 369–78.
  20. Sharma R, Pandey A K, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Assessment of genetic variability in Ganagtiri cattle by microsatellite marker. Korean Genet 28:35–42.
  21. Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Ahlawat S P S, Sobti R C, Gahlot G C, Mehta S C, Prakash B and Mishra B P. (2008). Genetic diversity and structure of two prominent zebu cattle breeds adapted to the arid region of India inferred from microsatellite polymorphism. Biochemi Genetics 46: 124–36.
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    volume 48 issue 4 (august 2014) : 322-328,   Doi: 10.5958/0976–0555.2014.00450.6

    CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF HILL CATTLE OF GARHWAL REGION OF UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

    R
    R.K. Pundir*
    P
    P.K. Singh
    N
    Neelkant1
    D
    D. Sharma
    S
    Sunil Kumar2
    R
    R. Tiwari3
    C
    C.V. Singh4
    B
    B. Prakash
    1National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132 001, India
    Cite article:- Pundir* R.K., Singh P.K., Neelkant1, Sharma D., Kumar2 Sunil, Tiwari3 R., Singh4 C.V., Prakash B. (2025). CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF HILL CATTLE OF GARHWAL REGION OF UTTARAKHAND, INDIA. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(4): 322-328. doi: 10.5958/0976–0555.2014.00450.6.

    ABSTRACT

    A survey was conducted in 18 villages of Rudarpryag, Chamoli and Uttarkashi districts of Garhwal region to characterize hill cattle in the region. A total of 146 farmers and 451 animals of different age and sex were covered in the present study. The survey revealed that there is large number of hill cattle in the region. Animals of were reared on semi intensive system of management. Grazing was from afternoon to evening during the whole year. Animals were smaller in size with cylindrical type of body. The black body colour predominates in the region. Udder was small, touching to the body, not well developed and milk veins were not prominent. Sizes of fore and rear udder were small.  The ranges of different biometric traits showed that animals are similar to Vechur and Panganaur for their size and smaller than the Hariana and Sahiwal breeds of cattle. The average age at first calving, daily milk yield, lactation length, dry period, service period and calving interval were 42 months, 1.52 kg, 285 days, 120 days, 110 days and 364 days, respectively. A pair of bullock may plough about 4-6 Nali of land in 3 to 4 hours in a day. A total of 51 blood samples of unrelated hill cattle animals were collected from Garhwal region for genetic characterization. DNA was isolated and analyzed by a panel of 21 microsatellite markers.The average observed and expected number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygocity and heterozygote deficit were 12.91 (6-12), 5.66 (2.41 to 11.39), 0.699 (0.271 to 0.938), 0.782 (0.585 to 0.912) and 0.118 ( -0.198 to 0.537), respectively. The different genetic diversity parameters showed that population is comparable with the hill cattle of Kumanu region and Hariana cattle. Different parameters showed sufficient allelic diversity in the population

    REFERENCES

    1. Anonymous. (2006) Animal husbandry statistics, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, MoA, GOI, New Delhi.
    2. Ashok C. (2000) Characterisation of Malnad Gidda cattle of Karnataka. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
    3. Dalvit C De Marchi M, Dal Zotto, Zanetti E, Meuwissen T and Cassandro M. (2008). Genetic characterization of Burlina cattle breed using microsatellite markers. J. Ani Breeding Genet 125: 137–44.
    4. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). (1998). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, repost. http: //dad.fao.org/en/refer/library/ guideline/workgrp.pdf
    5. Harvey W. R. (1990). User’s guide for LSML-PC-VERSION-2, mixed model least square maximum likelihood program, Mine graph, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
    6. Iype, S. 1996. The Vechur cattle of Kerala. Animal Genetic Resources Information (FAO) 18 : 61-65.
    7. Livestock Census (2007). http”//www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/welcome-to-the-18th-livestock-census- 2007-report module.aspx.
    8. Mukesh M, Sodhi M, Bhatia S and Mishra B P. (2004). Genetic diversity of Indian native cattle breeds as analyzed with 20 microsatellite loci. Anim Breed and Genet 121: 416–24.
    9. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Kenkatha cattle by microsatellite markers. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Science 19: 1685–90.
    10. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers. Genet 85: 117–22.
    11. Pandey A K, Sharma R, Singh L V, Maitra A, Mishra B P and Kumar D. (2011). Estimation of genetic variability parameters in Kumaun hill cattle (Kumauni cattle) by STR markers. Indian Anim Sci 81: 194–95.
    12. Peakall R and Smouse P E. (2008). A heterogeneity test for fine scale genetic structure. Molecular Ecol Notes 17: 3389–3400.
    13. Pundir R K and Ahlawat S P S. (2007). Indigenous Breeds of Cattle and Buffalo, Dairy India, Yearbook, 6th edition pp 261-271.
    14. Pundir R K, Singh P K, Singh C V and Prakash B. (2010). Physical parameters and management of hill cattle of Almora district of Uttarakhand. Indian Anim Sci 80: 1145-47
    15. Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Cold Spring Harbour, NY.
    16. Schmid M, Saipveaova N, Gaillard, C and Dolf G. (1999). Genetic diversity in Swiss cattle breeds. Anim Breed Genet 116: 1–8.
    17. Singh, P R,Singh M, Verma M L and Jaiswal R S. (2004). Animal husbandry practices in Tarikhet block of Kumaon hill of Uttaranchal. Indian Anim Sci 74:997-999
    18. Singh P K, Pundir R K, Manjunath V K, Rudresh B H and Govindaiah M G. (2008). Features and status of miniature indigenous germplasm of cattle - Malnad Gidda. Indian Anim Sci 78 :1123-1126
    19. Sharma R, Pandey A K, Singh S C P, Singh Y, Mishra B P, Singh S R, Mandal G K, Singh P K, Singh G and Ahlawat S P S. (2007). Diversity assessment of Bachaur cattle from India: A draft breed still revelant in mechanized Era. Korean Genet 29: 369–78.
    20. Sharma R, Pandey A K, Singh Y, Prakash B and Ahlawat S P S. (2006). Assessment of genetic variability in Ganagtiri cattle by microsatellite marker. Korean Genet 28:35–42.
    21. Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Ahlawat S P S, Sobti R C, Gahlot G C, Mehta S C, Prakash B and Mishra B P. (2008). Genetic diversity and structure of two prominent zebu cattle breeds adapted to the arid region of India inferred from microsatellite polymorphism. Biochemi Genetics 46: 124–36.
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