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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 48 issue 1 (february 2014) : 38-44,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.008

EFFECT ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN NATURALLY INFECTED CALVES WITH GIARDIASIS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE IN VAN PROVINCE, TURKEY

C
Cennet Ragbetli*
P
Pinar Tanritanir1
H
Hasan Yilmaz2
I
Ibrahim Yoruk3
H
Halime Ozdemir
1Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Research and EducationHospital, Microbiology Department, 06000, Ankara, Turkey
Cite article:- Ragbetli* Cennet, Tanritanir1 Pinar, Yilmaz2 Hasan, Yoruk3 Ibrahim, Ozdemir Halime (2025). EFFECT ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN NATURALLY INFECTED CALVES WITH GIARDIASIS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE IN VAN PROVINCE, TURKEY. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 38-44. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.008.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the blood serum levels of some biochemical parameters, lipid-soluble vitamins and trace elements in the calves naturally infected with Giardia spp. in Van region, before and after treatment with orally 20 mg/kg-1 albendazole three successive days. Serum samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters and some vitamins. In the infected animals, concentrations of creatinine, amylase levels were lower (p effective against giardiasis in all of the calves in Van region.

REFERENCES

  1. Albay, M.A., Sahinduran, S., Adanir, R., Yukari, B.A. and Kose, O. (2011) Efficacy of albendazole and two different doses of paromomycin for treatment of naturally occurring giardia infection in lambs. Journal of Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fac.17: 1021-1024.
  2. Ayaz, S., Khan, F.U., Hussain, I. and Ihsan, R.U. (2010) Muhammad, Z. Efficacy of metranidazole and albendazole against giardiosis and its effects on body weight and feed intake in cattle. World Applied Biosciences Journal. 10: 421-25.
  3. Balikci, E. (2000) Some of the clinical, haematological, biochemical and electrocardiogram findings in dogs with drofilariosis. Health Sciences of Firat University Vet. Journal. 19: 043-048.
  4. Buret, A.G. (2007) Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiosis. Gut. 56: 328–335.
  5. Chavalittamrong, B. Suntornpoch, V., Siddhikol, C. (1980) Vitamin A concentration in children with giardiosis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 11: 245-9.
  6. Coskun, S.Z. (1989) Some physiological disturbance in nematode infections of ruminants. Journal of Turkish Parasitol. 13: 177–187.
  7. Deger, Y., Gul, A., Bildik, A., Dede, S., Yur, F. and Deger, S. (1997) Alterations on some blood parameters and vitamin C levels on infected dogs with parasites. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 21: 195–198
  8. Deger, Y., Dede, S., Kahraman, T., Deger, S., Ormanci, N. and Bicek, K. (2001) Determination of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide oxidation products and the antioxidant status in sheep infected with babesiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 25: 25–27
  9. Delibas, N., Aydemir, M., Ayata, A., Demirci, M. and Tarhan, V. (1996) Serum Fe, Cu, Zn levels and eritrocyte SOD activity in children with Giardiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 20: 25 – 29.
  10. DiBartola, S.P., Johnson, S.E., Davenport, D.J., Prueter, J.C., Chew, D.J. and Sherding, R.G. (1985) Clinicopathologic findings resembling hypoadrenocortisim in dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 187: 60-63.
  11. El-Ghari, M.M., El-Rashidy, A.A., Mettias, K.N., Hassen, E.R. and Hassen, H.M. (1994) Studies on neonatal diarrhea in buffalo calves. In World Buffalo Congress, Sao Paulo, Proceedings. 4: 361-3. 
  12. Farthing, M.J.G. (1996) Giardiasis. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 25:493-515.
  13. Galiero, G., Consalvo, F. and Carullo, M. (1994) La criptosporidiosis nei vitelli bufalini: un aggiornamento. Selezione Veterinaria. 35: 449-53.
  14. Geurden, T., Vercruysse, J. and Claerebout, E. (2006) Field testing of a fenbendazole treatment combined with hygienic and management measure against a natural Giardia infection in calves. Vet. Par. 142: 367-71.
  15. Goodman, L.S. and Gilman, A. (1975) In: Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Mac millan Publishing Co. New York.
  16. Gul, A., Cicek, M. and Kilinc, O. (2008) Prevalence of Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Calves in the Van Province. Acta Parasitologica Turcica. 32: 202 – 204.
  17. Hamnes, I.S., Gjerde, B. and Robertson, L. (2006)Prevalance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in three areas of Norway. Vet. Parasitol. 140: 204-216.
  18. Hesham, M.S., Edariah, A.B. and Norhayati, M. (2004) Intestinal parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiency: a review. Med. J. Malaysia. 59: 284-93.
  19. Issi, M., Gul, Y. and Dabak, M. (2007) Serum vitamin C levels in goats with Pestes des Petits Ruminants (PPR). Turk. J. Vet. An1m. Sci. 25: 539-544.
  20. Kaddurah-Daouk, C. and Wyss, S. (2000) Creatine and creatinine Metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1107-1213.
  21. Karabay, O., Tamer, A., Gunduz, H., Kayas, D., Arinc, H. and Celebi, H. (2004) Albendazole versus metronidazole treatment of adult giardiosis: An open randomized clinical study. World. J. Gastroenterol. 10: 1215-1217.
  22. Koski, K.G. and Scott, M.E. (2001) Gastrointestinal nematodes, nutrition and immunity: breaking the negative spiral. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21: 297-321.
  23. Krajnicakova, M., Kovae, N.S., Kostecky, M., Valocky, I., Maraeek, I., Sutiakova, I. and Lenhardt, L. (2003) Selected clinico-biochemical parameters in the puerperal period of goats. Bull. Vet. Res. Inst. Pulawy. 47: 177-182.
  24. Lihua X., Saeed K., Herd R.P. (1996)Efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole against Giardia infection in cattle.Vet. Parasitol, 61: 165-170.
  25. Kulcu, R. and Yur, F. (2003) A study of some serum mineral levels before and during pregnancy and during lactation period of sheep and cattle. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 92: 275-279.
  26. Miller KW, Yang CS (1985). An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analysis of plasma retinol, a-tocopherol and various carotenoids. Anal Biochem, 145: 21- 26.
  27. Marinho, H.A., Shrimpton, R., Giugliano, R. and Burini, R.C. (1991)Influence of enteral parasites on the blood vitamin A levels in preschool children orally supplemented with retinol and / or Zinc. Clinical Nutrition. 45: 539-544.
  28. Mebus, C.A., Stair, E.L., Rhodes, M.B. and Twiehaus, M.J. (1973) Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent. Vet. Pathol. 10: 45–64.
  29. Misra, P.K., Kumar, A., Agarwal, V. and Jagota, S.C. (1995) A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. Indian Pediatr. 32: 779-82.
  30. O’Handley, R.M., Cockwill, C., McAllister, T.A., Jelinski, M., Morck, D.W. and Olson, M.E.S. (1999) Duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle and their association with diarrhea. JAVMA. 214: 391-396
  31. Olson, M.E., O’Handley, R.M., Ralston, B.J. and McAllister, T.A., Thompson, R.C. (2004) Update on Cryotosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 20: 185-191.
  32. Ozdal N, Tanritanir P, Ragbetli C, Yoruk I, Deger S (2009): Some biochemical parameters and vitamins levels in the Hair goats naturaly infested with lice (Linognathus africanus) and Trichostrongylidae sp. J Anim Vet Adv,2009 8: 590-594, 2009.
  33. Reynolds SL, Judd HJ. (1984)Rapid procedure for the determination of vitamins A and D in fortified skimmed milk powder using high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst,109: 489-492. DOI: 10.1039/AN9840900489.
  34. Regassa, F., Sori, T. and Dhuguma, R. (2006) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 4: 51-57.
  35. Reynoldson, J.A., Thompson, R.C. and Meloni, B. (1991) In vivo efficacy of albendazole against Giardia duodenalis in mice. Parasitol Res.77: 325-8.
  36. Rosa, L.A.G., Gomes, M.A., Mundim, A.V., Mundim, M.J.S., Pozzer, E.L., Faria, E.S.M., Viana, J.C. and Cury, M.C. (2007) Infection of dogs by experimental inoculation with human isolates of Giardia duodenalis: Clinical and laboratory manifestations Veterinary Parasitology. 145: 37-44.
  37. Schwab, A.E., Boakye, D.A., Kyelem, D. and Prichard, R.K. (2005) Detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection by albendazole and ivermectin combination treatment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 234–238.
  38. Stukelj, M., Valencak, Z., Rataj, A.V. and Posedi, J. (2011) Effective treatment og giardiosis in pigs by albendazole. Slov. Vet. Res. 48: 51-56.
  39. Sturchler, D., Tanner, M., Hanck, A., Betschart, B., Gautschi,. K, Weiss, N., Burnier, E., Del Giudice, G. and Degremont, A. (1987) A longitudinal study on relations of retinol with parasitic infections and the immune response in children of Kikwawila village, Tanzania. Acta Trop, 44: 213-27.
  40. Tanyuksel, M., Sayal, A. and Aydýn, A. (1995) Trace element levels in some parasitic diseases. Journal of Turkýsh Parasitol. 19: 315–321.
  41. Taskapan, C., Atambay, M., Aycan, O.M., Ozyalin, F., Yologlu, S., Miman, O. and Daldal, N. (2007) Serum zinc (Zn) Levels in patients with giardiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 31: 14-16.
  42. Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A. and Mendis, A.H.W. (1993) Giardia and giardiosis. Adv. Parasitol. 32: 71-160.
  43. Troeger, H., Epple, H.J., Schneider, T., Wahnschaffe, U., Ullrich, R., Burchard, G.D., Jelinek, T., Zeitz, M., Fromm, M. and Schulzke, J.D. (2007) Effect of chronic Giardia lamblia infection on epithelial transport and barrier function in human duodenum. Gut. 56: 316–317.
  44. Upcroft, J., Mitchell, R., Chen, N. and Upcroft, P. (1996) Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2: 303-8.
  45. Willard, M.D., Fossum, T.W., Torrance, A. and Lippert, A. (1991) Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with idiopathic or experimentally induced chylothorax in four dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 199: 353-358.
  46. Xiao, L. (1994) Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitology Today. 10: 436–438.
  47. Xiao, L. and Herd, R.P. (1994) Infection patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves. Vet. Parasitol. 55: 257–262.
  48. Yuksek, N., Altug, N. and Gul, A.R. (2006) Therapeutic effect of the combination of trichlobendazole and levamisole in sheep with endoparasite infection. J. Vet. Med. 11: 34-37.
  49. Zaspel B J, Csallany S.(1983) Determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem, 130: 146-150.
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    volume 48 issue 1 (february 2014) : 38-44,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.008

    EFFECT ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN NATURALLY INFECTED CALVES WITH GIARDIASIS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE IN VAN PROVINCE, TURKEY

    C
    Cennet Ragbetli*
    P
    Pinar Tanritanir1
    H
    Hasan Yilmaz2
    I
    Ibrahim Yoruk3
    H
    Halime Ozdemir
    1Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Research and EducationHospital, Microbiology Department, 06000, Ankara, Turkey
    Cite article:- Ragbetli* Cennet, Tanritanir1 Pinar, Yilmaz2 Hasan, Yoruk3 Ibrahim, Ozdemir Halime (2025). EFFECT ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN NATURALLY INFECTED CALVES WITH GIARDIASIS AFTER TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE IN VAN PROVINCE, TURKEY. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 38-44. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.008.

    ABSTRACT

    The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the blood serum levels of some biochemical parameters, lipid-soluble vitamins and trace elements in the calves naturally infected with Giardia spp. in Van region, before and after treatment with orally 20 mg/kg-1 albendazole three successive days. Serum samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters and some vitamins. In the infected animals, concentrations of creatinine, amylase levels were lower (p effective against giardiasis in all of the calves in Van region.

    REFERENCES

    1. Albay, M.A., Sahinduran, S., Adanir, R., Yukari, B.A. and Kose, O. (2011) Efficacy of albendazole and two different doses of paromomycin for treatment of naturally occurring giardia infection in lambs. Journal of Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fac.17: 1021-1024.
    2. Ayaz, S., Khan, F.U., Hussain, I. and Ihsan, R.U. (2010) Muhammad, Z. Efficacy of metranidazole and albendazole against giardiosis and its effects on body weight and feed intake in cattle. World Applied Biosciences Journal. 10: 421-25.
    3. Balikci, E. (2000) Some of the clinical, haematological, biochemical and electrocardiogram findings in dogs with drofilariosis. Health Sciences of Firat University Vet. Journal. 19: 043-048.
    4. Buret, A.G. (2007) Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiosis. Gut. 56: 328–335.
    5. Chavalittamrong, B. Suntornpoch, V., Siddhikol, C. (1980) Vitamin A concentration in children with giardiosis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 11: 245-9.
    6. Coskun, S.Z. (1989) Some physiological disturbance in nematode infections of ruminants. Journal of Turkish Parasitol. 13: 177–187.
    7. Deger, Y., Gul, A., Bildik, A., Dede, S., Yur, F. and Deger, S. (1997) Alterations on some blood parameters and vitamin C levels on infected dogs with parasites. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 21: 195–198
    8. Deger, Y., Dede, S., Kahraman, T., Deger, S., Ormanci, N. and Bicek, K. (2001) Determination of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide oxidation products and the antioxidant status in sheep infected with babesiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 25: 25–27
    9. Delibas, N., Aydemir, M., Ayata, A., Demirci, M. and Tarhan, V. (1996) Serum Fe, Cu, Zn levels and eritrocyte SOD activity in children with Giardiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 20: 25 – 29.
    10. DiBartola, S.P., Johnson, S.E., Davenport, D.J., Prueter, J.C., Chew, D.J. and Sherding, R.G. (1985) Clinicopathologic findings resembling hypoadrenocortisim in dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 187: 60-63.
    11. El-Ghari, M.M., El-Rashidy, A.A., Mettias, K.N., Hassen, E.R. and Hassen, H.M. (1994) Studies on neonatal diarrhea in buffalo calves. In World Buffalo Congress, Sao Paulo, Proceedings. 4: 361-3. 
    12. Farthing, M.J.G. (1996) Giardiasis. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 25:493-515.
    13. Galiero, G., Consalvo, F. and Carullo, M. (1994) La criptosporidiosis nei vitelli bufalini: un aggiornamento. Selezione Veterinaria. 35: 449-53.
    14. Geurden, T., Vercruysse, J. and Claerebout, E. (2006) Field testing of a fenbendazole treatment combined with hygienic and management measure against a natural Giardia infection in calves. Vet. Par. 142: 367-71.
    15. Goodman, L.S. and Gilman, A. (1975) In: Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 1st Ed. Mac millan Publishing Co. New York.
    16. Gul, A., Cicek, M. and Kilinc, O. (2008) Prevalence of Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Calves in the Van Province. Acta Parasitologica Turcica. 32: 202 – 204.
    17. Hamnes, I.S., Gjerde, B. and Robertson, L. (2006)Prevalance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in three areas of Norway. Vet. Parasitol. 140: 204-216.
    18. Hesham, M.S., Edariah, A.B. and Norhayati, M. (2004) Intestinal parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiency: a review. Med. J. Malaysia. 59: 284-93.
    19. Issi, M., Gul, Y. and Dabak, M. (2007) Serum vitamin C levels in goats with Pestes des Petits Ruminants (PPR). Turk. J. Vet. An1m. Sci. 25: 539-544.
    20. Kaddurah-Daouk, C. and Wyss, S. (2000) Creatine and creatinine Metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1107-1213.
    21. Karabay, O., Tamer, A., Gunduz, H., Kayas, D., Arinc, H. and Celebi, H. (2004) Albendazole versus metronidazole treatment of adult giardiosis: An open randomized clinical study. World. J. Gastroenterol. 10: 1215-1217.
    22. Koski, K.G. and Scott, M.E. (2001) Gastrointestinal nematodes, nutrition and immunity: breaking the negative spiral. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21: 297-321.
    23. Krajnicakova, M., Kovae, N.S., Kostecky, M., Valocky, I., Maraeek, I., Sutiakova, I. and Lenhardt, L. (2003) Selected clinico-biochemical parameters in the puerperal period of goats. Bull. Vet. Res. Inst. Pulawy. 47: 177-182.
    24. Lihua X., Saeed K., Herd R.P. (1996)Efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole against Giardia infection in cattle.Vet. Parasitol, 61: 165-170.
    25. Kulcu, R. and Yur, F. (2003) A study of some serum mineral levels before and during pregnancy and during lactation period of sheep and cattle. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 92: 275-279.
    26. Miller KW, Yang CS (1985). An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analysis of plasma retinol, a-tocopherol and various carotenoids. Anal Biochem, 145: 21- 26.
    27. Marinho, H.A., Shrimpton, R., Giugliano, R. and Burini, R.C. (1991)Influence of enteral parasites on the blood vitamin A levels in preschool children orally supplemented with retinol and / or Zinc. Clinical Nutrition. 45: 539-544.
    28. Mebus, C.A., Stair, E.L., Rhodes, M.B. and Twiehaus, M.J. (1973) Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent. Vet. Pathol. 10: 45–64.
    29. Misra, P.K., Kumar, A., Agarwal, V. and Jagota, S.C. (1995) A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. Indian Pediatr. 32: 779-82.
    30. O’Handley, R.M., Cockwill, C., McAllister, T.A., Jelinski, M., Morck, D.W. and Olson, M.E.S. (1999) Duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle and their association with diarrhea. JAVMA. 214: 391-396
    31. Olson, M.E., O’Handley, R.M., Ralston, B.J. and McAllister, T.A., Thompson, R.C. (2004) Update on Cryotosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 20: 185-191.
    32. Ozdal N, Tanritanir P, Ragbetli C, Yoruk I, Deger S (2009): Some biochemical parameters and vitamins levels in the Hair goats naturaly infested with lice (Linognathus africanus) and Trichostrongylidae sp. J Anim Vet Adv,2009 8: 590-594, 2009.
    33. Reynolds SL, Judd HJ. (1984)Rapid procedure for the determination of vitamins A and D in fortified skimmed milk powder using high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst,109: 489-492. DOI: 10.1039/AN9840900489.
    34. Regassa, F., Sori, T. and Dhuguma, R. (2006) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 4: 51-57.
    35. Reynoldson, J.A., Thompson, R.C. and Meloni, B. (1991) In vivo efficacy of albendazole against Giardia duodenalis in mice. Parasitol Res.77: 325-8.
    36. Rosa, L.A.G., Gomes, M.A., Mundim, A.V., Mundim, M.J.S., Pozzer, E.L., Faria, E.S.M., Viana, J.C. and Cury, M.C. (2007) Infection of dogs by experimental inoculation with human isolates of Giardia duodenalis: Clinical and laboratory manifestations Veterinary Parasitology. 145: 37-44.
    37. Schwab, A.E., Boakye, D.A., Kyelem, D. and Prichard, R.K. (2005) Detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection by albendazole and ivermectin combination treatment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 234–238.
    38. Stukelj, M., Valencak, Z., Rataj, A.V. and Posedi, J. (2011) Effective treatment og giardiosis in pigs by albendazole. Slov. Vet. Res. 48: 51-56.
    39. Sturchler, D., Tanner, M., Hanck, A., Betschart, B., Gautschi,. K, Weiss, N., Burnier, E., Del Giudice, G. and Degremont, A. (1987) A longitudinal study on relations of retinol with parasitic infections and the immune response in children of Kikwawila village, Tanzania. Acta Trop, 44: 213-27.
    40. Tanyuksel, M., Sayal, A. and Aydýn, A. (1995) Trace element levels in some parasitic diseases. Journal of Turkýsh Parasitol. 19: 315–321.
    41. Taskapan, C., Atambay, M., Aycan, O.M., Ozyalin, F., Yologlu, S., Miman, O. and Daldal, N. (2007) Serum zinc (Zn) Levels in patients with giardiosis. Journal of Turkish Parasitology. 31: 14-16.
    42. Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A. and Mendis, A.H.W. (1993) Giardia and giardiosis. Adv. Parasitol. 32: 71-160.
    43. Troeger, H., Epple, H.J., Schneider, T., Wahnschaffe, U., Ullrich, R., Burchard, G.D., Jelinek, T., Zeitz, M., Fromm, M. and Schulzke, J.D. (2007) Effect of chronic Giardia lamblia infection on epithelial transport and barrier function in human duodenum. Gut. 56: 316–317.
    44. Upcroft, J., Mitchell, R., Chen, N. and Upcroft, P. (1996) Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2: 303-8.
    45. Willard, M.D., Fossum, T.W., Torrance, A. and Lippert, A. (1991) Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with idiopathic or experimentally induced chylothorax in four dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 199: 353-358.
    46. Xiao, L. (1994) Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitology Today. 10: 436–438.
    47. Xiao, L. and Herd, R.P. (1994) Infection patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves. Vet. Parasitol. 55: 257–262.
    48. Yuksek, N., Altug, N. and Gul, A.R. (2006) Therapeutic effect of the combination of trichlobendazole and levamisole in sheep with endoparasite infection. J. Vet. Med. 11: 34-37.
    49. Zaspel B J, Csallany S.(1983) Determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem, 130: 146-150.
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