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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 40 issue 1 (march 2019) : 53-58,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1866

Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)- A review

S
Savinderjeet Singh
A
Anureet Kaur Chandi
1Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Singh Savinderjeet, Chandi Kaur Anureet (2019). Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(1): 53-58. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1866.

ABSTRACT

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is widely distributed polyphagous pest, found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. The overall impact of whitefly has been very devastating with yield losses ranging from 20 to 100 percent, depending upon the crop, season and prevalence of the whitefly. Although excessive and injudicious use of insecticides have led to increase in resistance level of white fly but still insecticides are considered as important tool for control of this pest. The bio-efficacy of emerging chemicals including insect growth regulators and neonicotinoids against whitefly has been evaluated in different studies. These studies have reported both lethal and sub lethal effects of various insecticides on white fly. The insecticides alter physiological mechanisms in whitefly leading to pronounced changes in physiological system, affecting the reproduction and overall development. These bioassays could be helpful in enlisting various new chemicals that would be helpful in management of this pest.

REFERENCES

  1. Abbas, G. and Farhan, M. (2015) Efficacy of the new chemistry pesticides on nymph and adult population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gen. and their effect on naturally existing beneficial fauna of cotton in Punjab, Pakistan. Inter J Sci Res, 4: 421-26.
  2. Abd-Rabou, S. and Simmons, A. M. (2010) Survey of reproductive host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt, including new host records. Ent News, 121: 456-65.
  3. Barry, J. D., Portillo, H. E., Annan, I. B., Cameron, R. A., Clagg, D. G., Dietrich, R. F., Watson, L. J., Leighty, R. M., Ryan, D. L., McMillan, J. A., Swain, R. S. and Kaczmarczyk, R. A. (2015) Movement of cyantraniliprole in plants after foliar applications and its impact on the control of sucking and chewing insects. Pest Manag Sci, 71: 395-403.
  4. Basit, M., Saleem, M. A., Saeed, S. and Sayyed, A. H. (2012) Cross resistance, genetic analysis and stability of resistance to buprofezin in cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Crop Prot, 40: 16-21.
  5. Brown, J. K., Frohlich, D. R. and Rosell, R. C. (1995) The sweetpotato/silverleaf whiteflies: biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), or a species complex? Annu Rev Entomol, 40: 511-3.
  6. Castle, S. J. and Prabhaker, N. (2013) Monitoring changes in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) susceptibility to neonicotinoid insecticides in Arizona and California. J Econ Ent,106: 1404-13.
  7. Chandi, R. S., Kumar, V. and Bhullar, H. (2017) Pyriproxyfen- An IGR for the management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on chilli. Indian J Ent,79: 406-10. 
  8. Cuthbertson, A .G.S. and Walters, K. F. A. (2005) Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium against the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Mycopathologia, 160: 315-19.
  9. De Barro, P. J., Liu, S. S., Boykin, L. M. and Dinsdale, A. B. (2011) Bemisia tabaci: A statement of species status. Annu Rev Ent, 56: 1-19.
  10. Dittrich, V. and Ernst, G. H. (1983) The resistance pattern in whiteflies of Sudanese cotton. Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Angew Ent, 4: 96-97.
  11. Fang, Y., Wang, J., Luo, C. and Wang, R. (2018) Lethal and sublethal effects of clothianidin on the development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED and MEAM1. J Insect Sci doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey025
  12. He, Y., Zhao, J., Wu , D., Wyckhuys, K. A. G. and Wu, K. (2011) Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory conditions. J Econ Ent, 104: 833-38.
  13. He, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Weng, Q., Biondi, A., Desneux, N. and Wu, K. (2013) Assessment of potential sublethal effects of various insecticides on key biological traits of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Int J Biol Sci, 92: 46-55.
  14. Ishaaya, I. and Horowitz, A. R. (1992) Novel phenoxy juvenile hormone analogue (pyriproxyfen) suppresses embryogenesis and adult emergence of sweet potato whitefly. J Econ Ent, 85: 2113-17.
  15. Ishaaya, I. and Horowitz, A. R. (1995) Pyriproxyfen, a novel insect growth regulator for controlling whiteflies: Mechanisms and resistance management. Pestic Sci, 43: 227-32.
  16. Ishaaya, I., De Cock, A. and Degheele, D. (1994) Pyriproxyfen, a potent suppressor of egg hatch and adult formation of the greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Ent, 87: 1185-89.
  17. Jones, C. M., Gorman, K., Denholm, I. and Williamson, M. S. (2008) High-throughput allelic discrimination of B and Q biotypes of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, using Taq Man allele-selective PCR. Pest Manag Sci, 64: 12-15.
  18. Kontsedalov, S., Gottlieb, Y., Ishaaya, I., Nauen, R., Horowitz, R. and Ghanima, M. (2008) Toxicity of spiromesifen to the developmental stages of Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Pest Manag Sci, 65: 5-13.
  19. Kontsedalov, S., Gottlieb, Y., Ishaaya, I., Nauen, R., Horowitz, R. and Ghanima, M. (2008) Toxicity of spiromesifen to the developmental stages of Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Pest Manag Sci, 65: 5-13.
  20. Kranthi, K. R. (2015) Cotton Statistics and News.Vol 8, Pp 1-4. Cotton Association of India, Mumbai, India.
  21. Kumar, V. and Grewal, G. K. (2014) Relative toxicity of different insecticides to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cotton in Punjab. Pestic Res J, 26: 48-55.
  22. Kumar, V., Grewal, G. K. and Dhawan, A. K. (2016) Relative toxicity of newly introduced insecticides against sucking insect pests of transgenic Bt cotton.Pestic Res J,28: 108-12.
  23. Lee, Y., Lee, S., Park, E., Kim, J. and Kim, G. (2002) Comparative toxicities of pyriproxyfen and thiamethoxam against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Asia-Pacific Ent, 5: 117-22.
  24. Luo, C., Jones, C. M., Devine, G., Zhang, F., Denholm, I. and Gorman, K. (2010) Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China. Crop Prot, 29: 429-34.
  25. Mahmoud, M. A. A. (2017) Field Performance of insecticides treatments against the immature and adult stages of whitefly on tomato plant. Alex Sci Exch J, 38: 613-19.
  26. Mann, R., Schuster, D. J., Cordero, R. and Toapanta, M. (2012) Baseline toxicity of spiromesifen to biotype b of Bemisia tabaci in Florida. Fla Ent, 95: 95-98.
  27. Martin, J. H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. Tech Paper 38, Pp 197. CSIRO, Australia.
  28. Martin, J. H., Mifsud, D. and Rapisarda, C. (2000) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Bull Ent Res, 90: 407-48. 
  29. Nauen, R., Ghanim, M. and Ishaaya, I. (2014) Whitefly special issue organized in two parts. Pest Manag Sci, 70: 1438-39.
  30. Nauen, R., Reckmann, U., Thomzik, J. and Thielert, W. (2008) Biological profile of spirotetramat (Movento) - a new two-way systemic (ambimobile) insecticide against sucking pest species. Bayer Crop Sci J, 61: 245-77.
  31. Naveen, N. C., Chaubey, R., Kumar, D., Rebijith, K. B., Rajagopal, R., Subrahmanyam, B. and Subramanian, S. (2017) Insecticide resistance status in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci genetic groups Asia-I, Asia-II-1 and Asia-II-7 on the Indian subcontinent. Scientific Reports doi: 10.1038/srep40634.
  32. Naveen, N. C., Kumar, D., Chaubey, R. J. and Subrahmanyam, B. (2011) Relative toxicity of insecticides on the population of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from cotton and leucaena. Indian J Ent, 73: 45-48.
  33. Otoidobiga, L. C., Vincent, C. and Stewart, R. K. (2003) Field efficacy and baseline toxicities of pyriproxifen, acetamiprid and diafenthiuron against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Burkina Faso (West Africa). J Envir Sci Health Part B, 38: 757-69.
  34. Palaniswami, M. S., Antony, B., Vijayan, S. L. and Henneberry, T. J. (2001) Sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Ecobiology, host interaction and natural enemies. Entomon, 26: 256-62.
  35. Paramasivam, M. and Selvi, C. (2017) Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests-A review. J Entomol Zoo Std,5 (3): 1441-1445.
  36. Pinheiro, P. V., Quintela, E. D., Oliveira, J. P. and Seraphin, J. C. (2009) Toxicity of neem oil to Bemisia tabaci biotype B nymphs reared on dry bean. Pesq Agropec Bras,44: 354-60.
  37. Prabhaker, N., Castle, S. and Perring, T. M. (2014) Baseline susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations from California and Arizona to spirotetramat. J Econ Ent,107: 773-80.
  38. Qian, M., Hu, Q., Ren, S., Mandour, N. S., Qiu, B. and Stansly, P. A. (2012) Delayed development of the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and increased parasitism by Encarsia bimaculata in response to sublethal doses of piperonylbutoxide. Insect Sci, 19: 403-11.
  39. Sharma, S. S. and Batra, G. R. (1995) Whitefly outbreak and failure of insecticides in its control in Haryana state: a note Haryana. J Hort Sci, 24: 160-61.
  40. Sohrabi, F., Shishehbor, P., Saber, M. and Mosaddegh, M. S. (2011) Lethal and sublethal effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Crop Prot, 30: 1190-95.
  41. Valle, G. E., Lourencao, A. L. and Novo, J. P. S. (2002) Chemical control of Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) eggs and nymphs. Sci Agric, 59: 291-94.
  42. Wang, R., Fang, Y., Mu, C., Qu, C., Li, F., Wang, Z. and Luo, C. (2017b) Baseline susceptibility and cross-resistance of cycloxaprid, a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, in Bemisia tabaci MED from China.Crop Prot, 92: 1-5.
  43. Wang, R., Zhang, W., Che, W., Qu, C., Li, F., Desneux, N. and Luo, C. (2017c) Lethal and sublethal effects of cyantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED. Crop Prot, 91: 108-13.
  44. Wang, R., Zheng, H., Qu, C., Wang, Z., Kong, Z. and Luo, C. (2016) Lethal and sublethal effects of a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, cycloxaprid, on Bemisiatabaci. Crop Prot, 83:15-19.
  45. Wang, S. L., Zhang, Y. J., Yang, X., Xie, W. and Wu, Q. J. (2017a) Resistance monitoring for eight insecticides on the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in China. J Econ Ent, 110: 660-66.
  46. Xie, W., Yang, Liu., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Pan, H., Yang, X., Guo, L. and Zhang, Y. (2014) Sensitivity of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to several new insecticides in China: Effects of insecticide type and whitefly species, strain and stage. J Insect Sci, 14: 1-7.
     
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 40 issue 1 (march 2019) : 53-58,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1866

    Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)- A review

    S
    Savinderjeet Singh
    A
    Anureet Kaur Chandi
    1Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
    Cite article:- Singh Savinderjeet, Chandi Kaur Anureet (2019). Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(1): 53-58. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1866.

    ABSTRACT

    Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is widely distributed polyphagous pest, found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. The overall impact of whitefly has been very devastating with yield losses ranging from 20 to 100 percent, depending upon the crop, season and prevalence of the whitefly. Although excessive and injudicious use of insecticides have led to increase in resistance level of white fly but still insecticides are considered as important tool for control of this pest. The bio-efficacy of emerging chemicals including insect growth regulators and neonicotinoids against whitefly has been evaluated in different studies. These studies have reported both lethal and sub lethal effects of various insecticides on white fly. The insecticides alter physiological mechanisms in whitefly leading to pronounced changes in physiological system, affecting the reproduction and overall development. These bioassays could be helpful in enlisting various new chemicals that would be helpful in management of this pest.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abbas, G. and Farhan, M. (2015) Efficacy of the new chemistry pesticides on nymph and adult population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gen. and their effect on naturally existing beneficial fauna of cotton in Punjab, Pakistan. Inter J Sci Res, 4: 421-26.
    2. Abd-Rabou, S. and Simmons, A. M. (2010) Survey of reproductive host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt, including new host records. Ent News, 121: 456-65.
    3. Barry, J. D., Portillo, H. E., Annan, I. B., Cameron, R. A., Clagg, D. G., Dietrich, R. F., Watson, L. J., Leighty, R. M., Ryan, D. L., McMillan, J. A., Swain, R. S. and Kaczmarczyk, R. A. (2015) Movement of cyantraniliprole in plants after foliar applications and its impact on the control of sucking and chewing insects. Pest Manag Sci, 71: 395-403.
    4. Basit, M., Saleem, M. A., Saeed, S. and Sayyed, A. H. (2012) Cross resistance, genetic analysis and stability of resistance to buprofezin in cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Crop Prot, 40: 16-21.
    5. Brown, J. K., Frohlich, D. R. and Rosell, R. C. (1995) The sweetpotato/silverleaf whiteflies: biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), or a species complex? Annu Rev Entomol, 40: 511-3.
    6. Castle, S. J. and Prabhaker, N. (2013) Monitoring changes in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) susceptibility to neonicotinoid insecticides in Arizona and California. J Econ Ent,106: 1404-13.
    7. Chandi, R. S., Kumar, V. and Bhullar, H. (2017) Pyriproxyfen- An IGR for the management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on chilli. Indian J Ent,79: 406-10. 
    8. Cuthbertson, A .G.S. and Walters, K. F. A. (2005) Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium against the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Mycopathologia, 160: 315-19.
    9. De Barro, P. J., Liu, S. S., Boykin, L. M. and Dinsdale, A. B. (2011) Bemisia tabaci: A statement of species status. Annu Rev Ent, 56: 1-19.
    10. Dittrich, V. and Ernst, G. H. (1983) The resistance pattern in whiteflies of Sudanese cotton. Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Angew Ent, 4: 96-97.
    11. Fang, Y., Wang, J., Luo, C. and Wang, R. (2018) Lethal and sublethal effects of clothianidin on the development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED and MEAM1. J Insect Sci doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey025
    12. He, Y., Zhao, J., Wu , D., Wyckhuys, K. A. G. and Wu, K. (2011) Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory conditions. J Econ Ent, 104: 833-38.
    13. He, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Weng, Q., Biondi, A., Desneux, N. and Wu, K. (2013) Assessment of potential sublethal effects of various insecticides on key biological traits of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Int J Biol Sci, 92: 46-55.
    14. Ishaaya, I. and Horowitz, A. R. (1992) Novel phenoxy juvenile hormone analogue (pyriproxyfen) suppresses embryogenesis and adult emergence of sweet potato whitefly. J Econ Ent, 85: 2113-17.
    15. Ishaaya, I. and Horowitz, A. R. (1995) Pyriproxyfen, a novel insect growth regulator for controlling whiteflies: Mechanisms and resistance management. Pestic Sci, 43: 227-32.
    16. Ishaaya, I., De Cock, A. and Degheele, D. (1994) Pyriproxyfen, a potent suppressor of egg hatch and adult formation of the greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Ent, 87: 1185-89.
    17. Jones, C. M., Gorman, K., Denholm, I. and Williamson, M. S. (2008) High-throughput allelic discrimination of B and Q biotypes of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, using Taq Man allele-selective PCR. Pest Manag Sci, 64: 12-15.
    18. Kontsedalov, S., Gottlieb, Y., Ishaaya, I., Nauen, R., Horowitz, R. and Ghanima, M. (2008) Toxicity of spiromesifen to the developmental stages of Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Pest Manag Sci, 65: 5-13.
    19. Kontsedalov, S., Gottlieb, Y., Ishaaya, I., Nauen, R., Horowitz, R. and Ghanima, M. (2008) Toxicity of spiromesifen to the developmental stages of Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Pest Manag Sci, 65: 5-13.
    20. Kranthi, K. R. (2015) Cotton Statistics and News.Vol 8, Pp 1-4. Cotton Association of India, Mumbai, India.
    21. Kumar, V. and Grewal, G. K. (2014) Relative toxicity of different insecticides to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cotton in Punjab. Pestic Res J, 26: 48-55.
    22. Kumar, V., Grewal, G. K. and Dhawan, A. K. (2016) Relative toxicity of newly introduced insecticides against sucking insect pests of transgenic Bt cotton.Pestic Res J,28: 108-12.
    23. Lee, Y., Lee, S., Park, E., Kim, J. and Kim, G. (2002) Comparative toxicities of pyriproxyfen and thiamethoxam against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Asia-Pacific Ent, 5: 117-22.
    24. Luo, C., Jones, C. M., Devine, G., Zhang, F., Denholm, I. and Gorman, K. (2010) Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China. Crop Prot, 29: 429-34.
    25. Mahmoud, M. A. A. (2017) Field Performance of insecticides treatments against the immature and adult stages of whitefly on tomato plant. Alex Sci Exch J, 38: 613-19.
    26. Mann, R., Schuster, D. J., Cordero, R. and Toapanta, M. (2012) Baseline toxicity of spiromesifen to biotype b of Bemisia tabaci in Florida. Fla Ent, 95: 95-98.
    27. Martin, J. H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. Tech Paper 38, Pp 197. CSIRO, Australia.
    28. Martin, J. H., Mifsud, D. and Rapisarda, C. (2000) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Bull Ent Res, 90: 407-48. 
    29. Nauen, R., Ghanim, M. and Ishaaya, I. (2014) Whitefly special issue organized in two parts. Pest Manag Sci, 70: 1438-39.
    30. Nauen, R., Reckmann, U., Thomzik, J. and Thielert, W. (2008) Biological profile of spirotetramat (Movento) - a new two-way systemic (ambimobile) insecticide against sucking pest species. Bayer Crop Sci J, 61: 245-77.
    31. Naveen, N. C., Chaubey, R., Kumar, D., Rebijith, K. B., Rajagopal, R., Subrahmanyam, B. and Subramanian, S. (2017) Insecticide resistance status in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci genetic groups Asia-I, Asia-II-1 and Asia-II-7 on the Indian subcontinent. Scientific Reports doi: 10.1038/srep40634.
    32. Naveen, N. C., Kumar, D., Chaubey, R. J. and Subrahmanyam, B. (2011) Relative toxicity of insecticides on the population of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from cotton and leucaena. Indian J Ent, 73: 45-48.
    33. Otoidobiga, L. C., Vincent, C. and Stewart, R. K. (2003) Field efficacy and baseline toxicities of pyriproxifen, acetamiprid and diafenthiuron against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Burkina Faso (West Africa). J Envir Sci Health Part B, 38: 757-69.
    34. Palaniswami, M. S., Antony, B., Vijayan, S. L. and Henneberry, T. J. (2001) Sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Ecobiology, host interaction and natural enemies. Entomon, 26: 256-62.
    35. Paramasivam, M. and Selvi, C. (2017) Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests-A review. J Entomol Zoo Std,5 (3): 1441-1445.
    36. Pinheiro, P. V., Quintela, E. D., Oliveira, J. P. and Seraphin, J. C. (2009) Toxicity of neem oil to Bemisia tabaci biotype B nymphs reared on dry bean. Pesq Agropec Bras,44: 354-60.
    37. Prabhaker, N., Castle, S. and Perring, T. M. (2014) Baseline susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations from California and Arizona to spirotetramat. J Econ Ent,107: 773-80.
    38. Qian, M., Hu, Q., Ren, S., Mandour, N. S., Qiu, B. and Stansly, P. A. (2012) Delayed development of the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and increased parasitism by Encarsia bimaculata in response to sublethal doses of piperonylbutoxide. Insect Sci, 19: 403-11.
    39. Sharma, S. S. and Batra, G. R. (1995) Whitefly outbreak and failure of insecticides in its control in Haryana state: a note Haryana. J Hort Sci, 24: 160-61.
    40. Sohrabi, F., Shishehbor, P., Saber, M. and Mosaddegh, M. S. (2011) Lethal and sublethal effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Crop Prot, 30: 1190-95.
    41. Valle, G. E., Lourencao, A. L. and Novo, J. P. S. (2002) Chemical control of Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) eggs and nymphs. Sci Agric, 59: 291-94.
    42. Wang, R., Fang, Y., Mu, C., Qu, C., Li, F., Wang, Z. and Luo, C. (2017b) Baseline susceptibility and cross-resistance of cycloxaprid, a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, in Bemisia tabaci MED from China.Crop Prot, 92: 1-5.
    43. Wang, R., Zhang, W., Che, W., Qu, C., Li, F., Desneux, N. and Luo, C. (2017c) Lethal and sublethal effects of cyantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED. Crop Prot, 91: 108-13.
    44. Wang, R., Zheng, H., Qu, C., Wang, Z., Kong, Z. and Luo, C. (2016) Lethal and sublethal effects of a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, cycloxaprid, on Bemisiatabaci. Crop Prot, 83:15-19.
    45. Wang, S. L., Zhang, Y. J., Yang, X., Xie, W. and Wu, Q. J. (2017a) Resistance monitoring for eight insecticides on the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in China. J Econ Ent, 110: 660-66.
    46. Xie, W., Yang, Liu., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Pan, H., Yang, X., Guo, L. and Zhang, Y. (2014) Sensitivity of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to several new insecticides in China: Effects of insecticide type and whitefly species, strain and stage. J Insect Sci, 14: 1-7.
       
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